Annual review of appendix O MAACs

              Annual Review of Appendix O MAACs
2010
TRPS
3/31/2011
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The Technical Projects & Resources Section of the Air Quality Division is charged with an annual review of the toxic air contaminants (TAC) Maximum Acceptable Ambient Concentrations (MAAC) found in Appendix O of the Air Quality Regulations. This review consists of recommending any changes to Appendix O, and updating the documentation for each TAC and its corresponding MAAC.
No changes are recommended. Nothing has changed that would require removing a TAC, and the only obvious addition would be acrolein. However, acrolein has no approved or consensus monitoring method. We (AQD) are currently monitoring acrolein with a method that may be acceptable but so far EPA has not approved that method. Subchapter 42 requires that a TAC have an approved monitoring method before it is added to Appendix O.
No changes were recommended to the actual MAAC levels because nothing has been updated in the IRIS (Integrated Risk Information System) managed by EPA. EPA has requested and received a very large increase in funding to update the IRIS system, so considerable changes could be coming in the next few years.
The following pages contain the individual TAC reviews including emission and concentration maps.
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ACETALDEHYDE
CAS # 75-07-0
SYNONYMS: acetic aldehyde, ethyl aldehyde
DESCRIPTION: formula C2-H4-O, mol. wt. = 44.06 Colorless, fuming liquid with pungent odor, fruity smell at lower concentrations.
CARCINOGEN status (IRIS): PROBABLE
MAAC: 28 ppb (50 μg/m3) 24-hour average
MAAC is based on IRIS 10-4 inhalation risk value.
SOURCES: Many industrial, chemical, and manufacturing processes, combustion processes and especially gasoline combustion. Acetaldehyde is also formed by photochemical oxidation and naturally through plant respiration. The 2007 Air Quality Emission Inventory showed 130 tons reported. The AQD does not have accurate inventories for the mobile, photochemical and biogenic emissions.
HEALTH EFFECTS: Acetaldehyde is listed as a probable human carcinogen (nasal) based on animal studies. Non-cancer health effects are irritation of eye, skin and respiratory tract, with prolonged exposure leading to more serious effects.
MONITORING METHODS: EPA TO-11A. The accepted Method Detection Limit (MDL) is 0.004 ppb.
ACTUAL MONITORED VALUES: Since 2006, Air Quality has operated monitors in Tulsa, added a Pryor site in 2008, and in 2009 expanded with sites in Oklahoma City and Midwest City. Averaged annual values are as follows:
2006 (Tulsa) = 1.21 ppb
2007 (Tulsa) = 1.03 ppb
2008 (Tulsa and Pryor) = 0.89 ppb
2009 (Tulsa, Pryor, Midwest City, Oklahoma City) = 0.87 ppb
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ACRYLONITRILE
CAS # 107-13-1
SYNONYMS: 2-propenenitrile; vinyl cyanide; cyanoethylene; Acritet; Fumigrain
DESCRIPTION: formula C3-H3-N, mol. wt. = 53.06 Colorless, very volatile liquid, somewhat explosive.
CARCINOGEN status (IRIS): PROBABLE
MAAC: 0.5 ppb (1.0 μg/m3) 24-hour average
MAAC is based on IRIS 10-4 inhalation risk value.
SOURCES: Production of acrylic fibers, other industrial, chemical, and manufacturing processes, and gasoline combustion. The 2007 Air Quality Emission Inventory showed 1.9 tons reported. The AQD does not have an accurate emission inventory for acrylonitrile from mobile sources.
HEALTH EFFECTS: Acrylonitrile is listed as a probable human carcinogen (lung cancer) based on some worker exposure and animal studies. Non-cancer health effects: Acrylonitrile is a central nervous system depressant and a respiratory irritant that is metabolized to cyanide. Symptoms include headache, dizziness, nausea, feelings of apprehension and nervous irritability, muscle weakness, cyanosis, and convulsions.
MONITORING METHODS: EPA TO-15. AQD is currently sampling using a Method Detection Limit (MDL) of 0.027 ppb.
ACTUAL MONITORED VALUES: Since 2006, Air Quality has operated monitors in Tulsa, added a Pryor site in 2008, and in 2009 expanded with sites in Oklahoma City and Midwest City. Averaged annual values are as follows:
2006 (Tulsa) = 0.162 ppb
2007 (Tulsa) = 0.021 ppb
2008 (Tulsa and Pryor) = 0.037 ppb
2009 (Tulsa, Pryor, Midwest City, Oklahoma City) = 0.075 ppb
Averages for acrylonitrile were calculated using the method prescribed in the Air Toxics Risk Assessment (ATRA) Reference Library as required in Subchapter 42. This method substitutes ½ the Method Detection Limit (MDL) for non-detected samples, and is used when most of the sampled values are below the MDL.
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AMMONIA
CAS # 7664-41-7
SYNONYMS: anhydrous ammonia
DESCRIPTION: formula H3-N, mol. wt. = 17.03 Colorless, corrosive alkaline gas with very pungent odor.
CARCINOGEN status (IRIS): NA
MAAC: 2,500 ppb (1742 μg/m3) 24-hour average
The MAAC would be based on the No-Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) Human Equivalent Concentration (HEC) (2700 ppb), but in 2005 the MAAC set by SC 41 was 2500 ppb. To avoid “back-sliding” the level was kept at the SC 41 MAAC of 2500 ppb in Appendix O.
SOURCES: Many industrial, chemical, and manufacturing processes, especially fertilizer production and agricultural processes. The 2007 Air Quality Emission Inventory showed 3159 tons reported.
HEALTH EFFECTS: Strong irritant to eye and respiratory tract, with higher exposures leading to more severe effects.
MONITORING METHODS: EPA IO-4 and 4.2 (Manual Diffusion Denuder System) The accepted Method Detection Limit (MDL) is 1.0 ppb or less.
ACTUAL MONITORED VALUES: Air Quality operated monitors in Holdenville and Seiling. The averaged annual values for sampling events conducted between Dec. 18th 2005 and Dec. 31st 2006 are as follows:
Holdenville Stations Averaged Values = 1.8 ppb
Seiling Station Averaged Values = 2.3 ppb
Total Station Averaged Values = 2.1 ppb
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ARSENIC Compounds
CAS # NOT APPLICABLE - Group
SYNONYMS: no common synonyms
DESCRIPTION: formula As- There are many inorganic compounds of arsenic.
CARCINOGEN status (IRIS): KNOWN
MAAC: 0.02 μg/m3 24-hour average (no equivalent ppm value because the MAAC is for a group of compounds)
MAAC is based on IRIS 10-4 inhalation risk value.
SOURCES: Combustion and high-temperature processes, some metal-working processes. Organic arsenic compounds are used in pesticides. The 2007 Air Quality Emission Inventory showed 1.8 ton reported. No significant mobile sources.
HEALTH EFFECTS: Well-documented carcinogen, especially respiratory cancers.
MONITORING METHODS: EPA IO-2 Hi-Vol and EPA IO-3.5 ICP/MS. The accepted Method Detection Limit (MDL) is 0.040 ng/m3.
ACTUAL MONITORED VALUES: Since 2006, Air Quality has operated monitors in Tulsa, added a Pryor site in 2008, and in 2009 expanded with sites in Oklahoma City and Midwest City. Averaged annual values are as follows:
2006 (Tulsa) = 0.00111 ug/m3
2007 (Tulsa) = 0.00135 ug/m3
2008 (Tulsa and Pryor) = 0.00058 ug/m3
2009 (Tulsa, Pryor, Midwest City, Oklahoma City) = 0.00061 ug/m3
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BENZENE
CAS # 71-43-2
SYNONYMS: no common synonyms
DESCRIPTION: formula C6-H6, mol. wt. = 78.12 Colorless, volatile liquid with strong aromatic odor.
CARCINOGEN status (IRIS): KNOWN
MAAC: 10 ppb (30 μg/m3) 24-hour average
MAAC is based on IRIS 10-4 inhalation risk value. Benzene is unique because the IRIS 10-4 inhalation risk value is stated as a range of 4 ppb to 14 ppb. The MAAC is the midpoint of that range.
SOURCES: Many industrial, chemical, and manufacturing processes and gasoline combustion. The 2007 Air Quality Emission Inventory showed 237 tons reported. The AQD does not have an accurate emission inventory for benzene from mobile sources.
HEALTH EFFECTS: Well-documented carcinogen, especially leukemia.
MONITORING METHODS: EPA TO-15. AQD is currently sampling using a Method Detection Limit (MDL) of 0.019 ppb.
ACTUAL MONITORED VALUES: Since 2006, Air Quality has operated monitors in Tulsa, added a Pryor site in 2008, and in 2009 expanded with sites in Oklahoma City and Midwest City. Averaged annual values are as follows:
2006 (Tulsa) = 0.51 ppb
2007 (Tulsa) = 0.45 ppb
2008 (Tulsa and Pryor) = 0.52 ppb
2009 (Tulsa, Pryor, Midwest City, Oklahoma City) = 0.33 ppb
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BERYLLIUM Compounds
CAS # NOT APPLICABLE - Group
SYNONYMS: no common synonyms
DESCRIPTION: formulas Be-, there are many compounds of beryllium.
CARCINOGEN status (IRIS): PROBABLE
MAAC: 0.02 μg/m3 24-hour average (no equivalent ppm value because the MAAC is for a group of compounds)
The MAAC would be based on the IRIS 10- 4 inhalation risk value (0.04 μg/m3), but in 2005 the MAAC set by SC 41 was 0.02μg/m3. To avoid “back-sliding” the level was kept at the SC 41 MAAC of 0.02μg/m3 in Appendix O.
SOURCES: Many industrial, chemical, and manufacturing processes, and gasoline/coal combustion. The 2007 Air Quality Emission Inventory showed 0.09 tons reported. The AQD does not have an accurate emission inventory for beryllium from mobile sources.
HEALTH EFFECTS: Beryllium is listed as a probable human carcinogen (lung cancer) based on animal studies. Non-cancer health effects: Acute inhalation of high levels of beryllium can cause inflammation of the lungs in humans; these symptoms may be reversible after exposure ends. Long-term exposure may cause chronic beryllium disease (berylliosis), in which granulomatous lesions develop in the lung.
MONITORING METHODS: EPA IO-2 Hi-Vol and EPA IO-3.5 ICP/MS. The accepted Method Detection Limit (MDL) is 0.0009 ng/m3.
ACTUAL MONITORED VALUES: Since 2006, Air Quality has operated monitors in Tulsa, added a Pryor site in 2008, and in 2009 expanded with sites in Oklahoma City and Midwest City. Averaged annual values are as follows:
2006 (Tulsa) = 0.000017 ug/m3
2007 (Tulsa) = 0.000118 ug/m3
2008 (Tulsa and Pryor) = 0.000011 ug/m3
2009 (Tulsa, Pryor, Midwest City, Oklahoma City) = 0.000014 ug/m3
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1,3-BUTADIENE
CAS # 106-99-0
SYNONYMS: bivinyl, divinyl, erythrene, vinylethylene, biethylene, pyrrolylene
DESCRIPTION: formula C4-H6, mol. wt. = 54.09 Colorless, flammable gas with strong aromatic odor.
CARCINOGEN status (IRIS): KNOWN
MAAC: 1 ppb (3 μg/m3) 24-hour average
MAAC is based on IRIS 10-4 inhalation risk value.
SOURCES: Many industrial, chemical, and manufacturing processes, but especially fuel combustion. The 2007 Air Quality Emission Inventory showed 4.6 tons reported. The AQD does not have an accurate emission inventory for 1,3-butadiene from mobile sources, but mobile source contributions are probably significant.
HEALTH EFFECTS: Well-documented carcinogen, especially leukemia and other lymphomas.
MONITORING METHODS: EPA TO-15. AQD is currently sampling using a Method Detection Limit (MDL) of 0.01 ppb.
ACTUAL MONITORED VALUES: Since 2006, Air Quality has operated monitors in Tulsa, added a Pryor site in 2008, and in 2009 expanded with sites in Oklahoma City and Midwest City. Averaged annual values are as follows:
2006 (Tulsa) = 0.04 ppb
2007 (Tulsa) = 0.04 ppb
2008 (Tulsa and Pryor) = 0.03 ppb
2009 (Tulsa, Pryor, Midwest City, Oklahoma City) = 0.02 ppb
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CADMIUM Compounds
CAS # NOT APPLICABLE - Group
SYNONYMS: no common synonyms
DESCRIPTION: formula Cd-, There are many cadmium compounds.
CARCINOGEN status (IRIS): PROBABLE
MAAC: 0.06 μg/m3 24-hour average (no equivalent ppm value because the MAAC is for a group of compounds)
MAAC is based on IRIS 10-4 inhalation risk value.
SOURCES: Many industrial, chemical, and manufacturing processes and gasoline combustion. The 2007 Air Quality Emission Inventory showed 0.26 tons reported. The AQD does not have an accurate emission inventory for cadmium from mobile sources.
HEALTH EFFECTS: Listed as probable human carcinogen, especially respiratory cancers. Non-cancer effects: Subchronic and chronic exposures to cadmium have been associated with renal, cardiovascular, endocrine, hepatic, bone, hematological, and immunological effects. Respiratory conditions include bronchiolitis and emphysema.
MONITORING METHODS: EPA IO-2 Hi-Vol and EPA IO-3.5 ICP/MS. The accepted Method Detection Limit (MDL) is 0.058 ng/m3.
ACTUAL MONITORED VALUES: Since 2006, Air Quality has operated monitors in Tulsa, added a Pryor site in 2008, and in 2009 expanded with sites in Oklahoma City and Midwest City. Averaged annual values are as follows:
2006 (Tulsa) = 0.00024 ug/m3
2007 (Tulsa) = 0.00024 ug/m3
2008 (Tulsa and Pryor) = 0.00017 ug/m3
2009 (Tulsa, Pryor, Midwest City, Oklahoma City) = 0.00015 ug/m3
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CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
CAS # 56-23-5
SYNONYMS: carbon chloride; carbon tet; methane tetrachloride; perchloromethane;
tetrachlorocarbon; tetrachloromethane; Benzinoform; Univerm; Necatorina
DESCRIPTION: formula CCl4, mol. wt. = 153.24 Carbon tetrachloride is a nonflammable, colorless, clear, heavy liquid. It has a sweetish, aromatic, moderately strong ethereal odor resembling that of chloroform.
CARCINOGEN status (IRIS): PROBABLE
MAAC: 1 ppb (7.0 μg/m3) 24-hour average
MAAC is based on IRIS 10-4 inhalation risk value.
SOURCES: Uses have declined drastically, but carbon tetrachloride is still emitted from chemical and refining processes. The 2007 Air Quality Emission Inventory showed 7.9 tons reported. Carbon tetrachloride is a “global” pollutant with a background concentration of about 0.010 ppb.
HEALTH EFFECTS: Probable carcinogen (liver cancer) based on some human but mainly animal testing. Non-cancer effects: Carbon tetrachloride is a central nervous system depressant and mild eye and respiratory tract irritant. It is highly hepato- and nephro- toxic.
MONITORING METHODS: EPA TO-15. AQD is currently sampling using a Method Detection Limit (MDL) of 0.024 ppb.
ACTUAL MONITORED VALUES: Since 2006, Air Quality has operated monitors in Tulsa, added a Pryor site in 2008, and in 2009 expanded with sites in Oklahoma City and Midwest City. Averaged annual values are as follows:
2006 (Tulsa) = 0.10 ppb
2007 (Tulsa) = 0.09 ppb
2008 (Tulsa and Pryor) = 0.11 ppb
2009 (Tulsa, Pryor, Midwest City, Oklahoma City) = 0.11 ppb
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CHLOROFORM
CAS # 67-66-3
SYNONYMS: trichlormethane; methane trichloride; methenyl chloride; trichloroform; TCM; methyl trichloride; methenyl trichloride
DESCRIPTION: formula CHCl3, mol. wt. = 119.38 Chloroform is a clear colorless volatile liquid with an ethereal scent that is nonflammable and does not form explosive mixtures at atmospheric temperatures and pressures.
CARCINOGEN status (IRIS): PROBABLE
MAAC: 0.8 ppb (4.0 μg/m3) 24-hour average
MAAC is based on IRIS 10-4 inhalation risk value.
SOURCES: Many industrial, chemical, and manufacturing processes, especially pulp and paper. The 2007 Air Quality Emission Inventory showed 9.5 tons reported.
HEALTH EFFECTS: Chloroform has been shown to be carcinogenic in animals after oral exposures resulting in kidney and liver tumors. Non-Cancer effects: The vapors are irritating to the eyes and respiratory tract. Chloroform is a central nervous system depressant. At high levels it can also produce cardiac arrhythmias by sensitization to adrenaline. Chronic inhalation exposure to chloroform can damage the liver.
MONITORING METHODS: EPA TO-15. AQD is currently sampling using a Method Detection Limit (MDL) of 0.017 ppb
ACTUAL MONITORED VALUES: Since 2006, Air Quality has operated monitors in Tulsa, added a Pryor site in 2008, and in 2009 expanded with sites in Oklahoma City and Midwest City. Averaged annual values are as follows:
2006 (Tulsa) = 0.03 ppb
2007 (Tulsa) = 0.02 ppb
2008 (Tulsa and Pryor) = 0.03 ppb
2009 (Tulsa, Pryor, Midwest City, Oklahoma City) = 0.03 ppb
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CHROMIUM Compounds (HEXAVALENT)
CAS # NOT APPLICABLE - Group
SYNONYMS: no common synonyms
DESCRIPTION: formula Cr+6, a very large group of compounds.
CARCINOGEN status (IRIS): KNOWN
MAAC: 0.008 μg/m3 24-hour average (no equivalent ppm value because the MAAC is for a group of compounds)
MAAC is based on IRIS 10-4 inhalation risk value.
SOURCES: Many industrial, chemical, and manufacturing processes, especially plating and anodizing. The 2007 Air Quality Emission Inventory showed 4.135 tons of all chromium compounds reported.
HEALTH EFFECTS: Well-documented carcinogen, lung cancer.
MONITORING METHODS: Modified CARB Method for hexavalent chromium compounds. The accepted Method Detection Limit (MDL) for hexavalent chromium is 2.11 ng/m3.
ACTUAL MONITORED VALUES: Air Quality samples for total Chromium compounds and uses that as a surrogate for Hexavalent Chromium. Since 2006, Air Quality has operated monitors in Tulsa, added a Pryor site in 2008, and in 2009 expanded with sites in Oklahoma City and Midwest City. Averaged annual values are as follows:
2006 (Tulsa) = 0.00214 ug/m3
2007 (Tulsa) = 0.00224 ug/m3
2008 (Tulsa and Pryor) = 0.00191 ug/m3
2009 (Tulsa, Pryor, Midwest City, Oklahoma City) = 0.00221 ug/m3
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ETHYLBENZENE
CAS # 100-41-4
SYNONYMS: phenylethane
DESCRIPTION: formula C8-H10, mol. wt. = 106.16 Colorless, flammable liquid with strong aromatic odor.
CARCINOGEN status (IRIS): Not Classifiable
MAAC: 10, 000 ppb or 10 ppm (43,427 μg/m3) 24-hour average
MAAC would be based on the No-Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) Human Equivalent Concentration (HEC) (100 ppm) but in 2005 the MAAC set by SC 41 was 10 ppm. To avoid “back-sliding” the level was kept at the SC 41 MAAC of 10 ppm in Appendix O.
SOURCES: Many industrial, chemical, and manufacturing processes, especially in styrene production and as a solvent, and gasoline combustion. The 2007 Air Quality Emission Inventory showed 100.979 tons reported. The AQD does not have an accurate emission inventory for ethylbenzene from mobile sources.
HEALTH EFFECTS: Ethylbenzene is a central nervous system depressant at high levels of exposure. Ethylbenzene is also irritating to the eyes and respiratory tract. Animal studies have shown effects on the blood, liver and kidneys from chronic inhalation exposure to ethylbenzene.
MONITORING METHODS: EPA TO-15. AQD is currently sampling using a Method Detection Limit (MDL) of 0.012 ppb .
ACTUAL MONITORED VALUES: Since 2006, Air Quality has operated monitors in Tulsa, added a Pryor site in 2008, and in 2009 expanded with sites in Oklahoma City and Midwest City. Averaged annual values are as follows:
2006 (Tulsa) = 0.25 ppb
2007 (Tulsa) = 0.11 ppb
2008 (Tulsa and Pryor) = 0.11 ppb
2009 (Tulsa, Pryor, Midwest City, Oklahoma City) = 0.05 ppb
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ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE
CAS # 107-06-2
SYNONYMS: 1,2-dichloroethane; sym-dichloroethane; ethylene chloride; EDC; Dutch liquid; Brocide; 1,2-ethylene dichloride; ethane dichloride; Freon 150; Di-chlor-mulsion; glycol dichloride
DESCRIPTION: formula C2-H4-Cl2, mol. wt. = 98.96 Ethylene dichloride is a heavy, oily, liquid which burns with a smoky flame. Usually it is colorless but it will darken in the presence of air, moisture, and light. It has a chloroform-like odor and irritating vapors.
CARCINOGEN status (IRIS): PROBABLE
MAAC: 1 ppb (4 μg/m3) 24-hour average
MAAC is based on IRIS 10-4 inhalation risk value.
SOURCES: Many industrial, chemical, and manufacturing processes, previously in leaded gasoline combustion. The 2007 Air Quality Emission Inventory showed 0.112 tons reported.
HEALTH EFFECTS: Probable carcinogen (colon and renal) based on animal studies and limited epidemiological information. Vapors are irritating to eyes and respiratory tract. Ethylene dichloride is highly nephrotoxic and hepatotoxic and a central nervous system (CNS) depressant at high levels.
MONITORING METHODS: EPA TO-15. AQD is currently sampling using a Method Detection Limit (MDL) of 0.015 ppb.
ACTUAL MONITORED VALUES: Since 2006, Air Quality has operated monitors in Tulsa, added a Pryor site in 2008, and in 2009 expanded with sites in Oklahoma City and Midwest City. Averaged annual values are as follows:
2006 (Tulsa) = no values over minimum detectable
2007 (Tulsa) = 0.01 ppb
2008 (Tulsa and Pryor) = 0.02 ppb
2009 (Tulsa, Pryor, Midwest City, Oklahoma City) = 0.02 ppb
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FORMALDEHYDE
CAS # 50-00-0
SYNONYMS: methanal; formic aldehyde; oxomethane; oxymethylene; methylene oxide; methyl aldehyde; formalin; formic aldehyde; formal; morbici
DESCRIPTION: formula CH2O, mol. wt. = 30.03. A colorless gas at room temperature with pungent odor.
CARCINOGEN status (IRIS): PROBABLE
Note: The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies formaldehyde as a known carcinogen
MAAC: 7 ppb (8 μg/m3) 24-hour average
MAAC is based on IRIS 10-4 inhalation risk value.
SOURCES: Many industrial, chemical, and manufacturing processes and any fuel combustion sources; it is also formed by photochemical processes. The 2007 Air Quality Emission Inventory showed 1747.5 tons reported. The AQD does not have an accurate emission inventory for formaldehyde from mobile sources.
HEALTH EFFECTS: Probable human carcinogen based on limited human and animal testing, for lung and nasopharyngeal cancer. Non-Cancer effects: Vapors are highly irritating to the eye and respiratory track. Acute effects include nausea, headaches, and difficulty breathing. Formaldehyde can also induce or exacerbate asthma.
MONITORING METHODS: EPA TO-11A. This method currently has a Method Detection Limit (MDL) of 0.003 ppb.
ACTUAL MONITORED VALUES: Since 2006, Air Quality has operated monitors in Tulsa, added a Pryor site in 2008, and in 2009 expanded with sites in Oklahoma City and Midwest City. Averaged annual values are as follows:
2006 (Tulsa) = 3.32 ppb
2007 (Tulsa) = 2.51 ppb
2008 (Tulsa and Pryor) = 2.49 ppb
2009 (Tulsa, Pryor, Midwest City, Oklahoma City) = 3.12 ppb
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MANGANESE Compounds
CAS # NOT APPLICABLE - Group
SYNONYMS: no common synonyms
DESCRIPTION: formula Mn-. There are many compounds of manganese
CARCINOGEN status (IRIS): NA
MAAC: 50 μg/m3 24-hour average (no equivalent ppm value because the MAAC is for a group of compounds)
MAAC is based on the IRIS inhalation Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level (LOAEL) Human Equivalent Concentration (HEC).
SOURCES: Many industrial processes, rock crushing, electric services, and petroleum refining. The 2007 Air Quality Emission Inventory showed 15.7 tons reported.
HEALTH EFFECTS: Affects respiratory, central, and peripheral nervous systems.
MONITORING METHODS: EPA IO-2 Hi-Vol and EPA IO-3.5 ICP/MS. The accepted Method Detection Limit (MDL) is 0.254 ng/m3.
ACTUAL MONITORED VALUES: Since 2006, Air Quality has operated monitors in Tulsa, added a Pryor site in 2008, and in 2009 expanded with sites in Oklahoma City and Midwest City. Averaged annual values are as follows:
2006 (Tulsa) = 0.0229 ug/m3
2007 (Tulsa) = 0.0222 ug/m3
2008 (Tulsa and Pryor) = 0.0184 ug/m3
2009 (Tulsa, Pryor, Midwest City, Oklahoma City) = 0.0135 ug/m3
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MERCURY Compounds
CAS # NOT APPLICABLE - Group
SYNONYMS: no common synonyms
DESCRIPTION: formula Hg-, several compounds exist.
CARCINOGEN status (IRIS): NA
MAAC: 0.3 μg/m3 24-hour average (no equivalent ppm value because the MAAC is for a group of compounds)
MAAC is based on the IRIS Inhalation Reference Concentration (RfC) value.
SOURCES: Used in the manufacture of dry cell batteries, fluorescent light bulbs, agricultural pesticides, antifouling paint, electrical apparatus, electrolytic preparation of chlorine and caustic soda, as a catalyst in the oxidation of organic compounds, electrical services, hydraulic cement manufacturing, and petroleum production. Mercury is also a globally transported pollutant. The 2007 Air Quality Emission Inventory showed 0.944 tons reported.
HEALTH EFFECTS: Increased incidence of tumors in rats and mice. Very well-documented toxin to renal and especially central nervous systems.
MONITORING METHODS: EPA IO-2 Hi-Vol and EPA IO-3.5 ICP/MS. The accepted Method Detection Limit (MDL) is 0.008 ng/m3.
ACTUAL MONITORED VALUES: Since 2006, Air Quality has operated monitors in Tulsa, added a Pryor site in 2008, and in 2009 expanded with sites in Oklahoma City and Midwest City. Averaged annual values are as follows:
2006 (Tulsa) = 0.00002 ug/m3
2007 (Tulsa) = 0.00011 ug/m3
2008 (Tulsa and Pryor) = 0.00015 ug/m3
2009 (Tulsa, Pryor, Midwest City, Oklahoma City) = 0.00003 ug/m3
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METHYLENE CHLORIDE
CAS # 75-09-2
SYNONYMS: dichloromethane; methylene dichloride; Freon 30; Aerothene NM; Solmethine; methylene bichloride
DESCRIPTION: formula CH2Cl2, mol. wt. = 84.94. Volatile, nonflammable, colorless, liquid with a sweetish smell.
CARCINOGEN status (IRIS): PROBABLE
MAAC: 58 ppb, (200 μg/m3) 24-hour average
MAAC is based on IRIS 10-4 inhalation risk value.
SOURCES: Used as a solvent, a blowing and cleaning agent in the manufacture of polyurethane foam and plastic fabrication, and in paint stripping operations. Other sources of emissions are landfills and wastewater treatment. The 2007 Air Quality Emission Inventory showed 23.02 tons reported. The AQD does not have an accurate emission inventory for methylene chloride from mobile sources.
HEALTH EFFECTS: Liver and lung tumors in animals. Non-Cancer effects: Methylene chloride vapor is irritating to the eyes, respiratory tract, and skin. It is also a central nervous system depressant including decreased visual and auditory functions
and may cause headache, nausea, and vomiting.
MONITORING METHODS: EPA TO-15. AQD is currently sampling using a Method Detection Limit (MDL) of 0.023 ppb.
ACTUAL MONITORED VALUES: Since 2006, Air Quality has operated monitors in Tulsa, added a Pryor site in 2008, and in 2009 expanded with sites in Oklahoma City and Midwest City. Averaged annual values are as follows:
2006 (Tulsa) = 0.36 ppb
2007 (Tulsa) = 0.10 ppb
2008 (Tulsa and Pryor) = 0.10 ppb
2009 (Tulsa, Pryor, Midwest City, Oklahoma City) = 0.18 ppb
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NICKEL Compounds
CAS # NOT APPLICABLE - Group
SYNONYMS: no common synonyms
DESCRIPTION: formula Ni-, many compounds of nickel
CARCINOGEN status (IRIS): PROBABLE (Note that while certain nickel compounds are known carcinogens, the overall group of nickel compounds is classified as a probable carcinogen.)
MAAC: 0.15 μg/m3 24-hour average (no equivalent ppm value because the MAAC is for a group of compounds)
The MAAC would be based on IRIS 10-4 inhalation risk value (0.4 μg/m3), but in 2005 the MAAC set by SC 41 was 0.15 μg/m3. To avoid “back-sliding” the level was kept at the SC 41 MAAC of 0.15 μg/m3 in Appendix O.
SOURCES: Used for the production of various metal alloys, cast irons, and electroplated goods and as a catalyst in the petroleum, plastic, and rubber industries. The 2007 Air Quality Emission Inventory showed 7.75 tons reported. The AQD does not have an accurate emission inventory for nickel compounds from mobile sources.
HEALTH EFFECTS: Inhalation exposure to nickel refinery dust and nickel subsulfide has been shown to cause nasal and lung cancer. Non-Cancer effects: The effects from long-term exposure to nickel include respiratory tract irritation and immune alterations such as dermatitis (“nickel itch”) and asthma.
MONITORING METHODS: EPA IO-2 Hi-Vol and EPA IO-3.5 ICP/MS. The accepted Method Detection Limit (MDL) is 1.27 ng/m3.
ACTUAL MONITORED VALUES: Since 2006, Air Quality has operated monitors in Tulsa, added a Pryor site in 2008, and in 2009 expanded with sites in Oklahoma City and Midwest City. Averaged annual values are as follows:
2006 (Tulsa) = 0.00237 ug/m3
2007 (Tulsa) = 0.00183 ug/m3
2008 (Tulsa and Pryor) = 0.00117 ug/m3
2009 (Tulsa, Pryor, Midwest City, Oklahoma City) = 0.00077 ug/m3
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TOLUENE
CAS # 108-88-3
SYNONYMS: methacide; methylbenzene; methylbenzol; phenylmethane; toluol
DESCRIPTION: formula C7-H8, mol. wt. = 92.13. Colorless, flammable, non-corrosive liquid.
CARCINOGEN status (IRIS): NA
MAAC: 10,000 ppb or 10 ppm (37,668 μg/m3) 24-hour average
MAAC would be based on the IRIS inhalation Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level (LOAEL) Human Equivalent Concentration (HEC) (32 ppm), but in 2005 the MAAC set by SC 41 was 10 ppm. To avoid “back-sliding” the level was kept at the SC 41 MAAC of 10 in Appendix O.
SOURCES: Used in aviation gasoline and high-octane blending stock, and as a solvent for paints, coatings, gums and resins. Other sources include petroleum production, used as a chemical intermediate, and for styrene production. The 2007 Air Quality Emission Inventory showed 928.02 tons reported. The AQD does not have an accurate emission inventory for toluene from mobile sources.
HEALTH EFFECTS: Acute and chronic exposures depress the Central Nervous System. May cause kidney and liver injury.
MONITORING METHODS: EPA TO-15. AQD is currently sampling using a Method Detection Limit (MDL) of 0.013 ppb.
ACTUAL MONITORED VALUES: Since 2006, Air Quality has operated monitors in Tulsa, added a Pryor site in 2008, and in 2009 expanded with sites in Oklahoma City and Midwest City. Averaged annual values are as follows:
2006 (Tulsa) = 1.91 ppb
2007 (Tulsa) = 1.31 ppb
2008 (Tulsa and Pryor) = 0.69 ppb
2009 (Tulsa, Pryor, Midwest City, Oklahoma City) = 0.46 ppb
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1,1,2,2-TETRACHLOROETHANE
CAS # 79-34-5
SYNONYMS: tetrachloroethane; sym-tetrachloroethane; acetylene tetrachloride; Cellon; Bonoform
DESCRIPTION: formula C2H2Cl4, mol. wt. = 167.86. Nonflammable, heavy liquid
CARCINOGEN status (IRIS): POSSIBLE
MAAC: 0.3 ppb (2 μg/m3) 24-hour average
MAAC is based on IRIS 10-4 inhalation risk value.
SOURCES: Used in the manufacture of trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene, as a metal degreasing agent, in paint, in varnish, in rust removers, in photographic film, as an alcohol denaturant, as an extractant, as a solvent, and as a chemical intermediate. The 2007 Air Quality Emission Inventory showed 0.737 tons reported.
HEALTH EFFECTS: Increased incidence of hepatocellular carcinomas in mice. Non-cancer effects: Chronic exposure by inhalation may cause jaundice, liver enlargement, headaches, tremors, dizziness, numbness, loss of appetite, nervousness, and drowsiness.
MONITORING METHODS: EPA TO-15. AQD is currently sampling using a Method Detection Limit (MDL) of 0.011 ppb.
ACTUAL MONITORED VALUES: Since 2006, Air Quality has operated monitors in Tulsa, added a Pryor site in 2008, and in 2009 expanded with sites in Oklahoma City and Midwest City. Averaged annual values are as follows:
2006 (Tulsa) = no values over MDL
2007 (Tulsa) = no values over MDL
2008 (Tulsa and Pryor) = no values over MDL
2009 (Tulsa, Pryor, Midwest City, Oklahoma City) = no values over MDL
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VINYL CHLORIDE
CAS # 75-01-4
SYNONYMS: chloroethene; chloroethylene; chlorethene; ethylene monochloride; Trovidur
DESCRIPTION: formula C2H3Cl, mol. wt. = 62.5. Colorless, flammable gas at ambient temperature with sweet odor.
CARCINOGEN status (IRIS): KNOWN
MAAC: 9 ppb (23 μg/m3) 24-hour average
MAAC is based on IRIS 10-4 inhalation risk value.
SOURCES: Used in the production and fabrication of PVC pipes, pipe fittings, and plastics. Landfills, wastewater treatment and PVC production are the primary sources. The 2007 Air Quality Emission Inventory showed 3.75 tons reported.
HEALTH EFFECTS: Development of a rare cancer, liver angiosarcoma, and a possible relationship between exposure and lung and brain cancers.
MONITORING METHODS: EPA TO-15. AQD is currently sampling using a Method Detection Limit (MDL) of 0.014 ppb.
ACTUAL MONITORED VALUES: Since 2006, Air Quality has operated monitors in Tulsa, added a Pryor site in 2008, and in 2009 expanded with sites in Oklahoma City and Midwest City. Averaged annual values are as follows
2006 (Tulsa) = no values over MDL
2007 (Tulsa) = 0.01 ppb
2008 (Tulsa and Pryor) = 0.01 ppb
2009 (Tulsa, Pryor, Midwest City, Oklahoma City) = 0.0057 ppb
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