Lake Texoma fisheries management plan

              Lake Texoma
Fisheries Management Plan
Southcentral Region
Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation
Prepared by:
Cliff Sager, Fisheries Biologist
David Routledge, Fisheries Technician
Matt Mauck, Region Fisheries Supervisor
Background
Lake Texoma is an 88,000 acre reservoir formed by the impoundment of the Red River 4.6 miles
below its confluence with the Washita River on the Oklahoma-Texas border (Figure 1). It was
impounded by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACOE) in 1944 by construction of the
Denison Dam and is bounded by the southern Oklahoma counties of Bryan, Johnston, Love and
Marshall and the northern Texas counties of Cooke and Grayson.
In capacity, Lake Texoma is the largest project in the Tulsa District of the USACOE and is the
twelfth largest reservoir in the United States. The watershed contains 39,719 square miles in
southwestern Oklahoma and northcentral Texas, as well as much of the Texas panhandle and
parts of eastern New Mexico. A strongly increasing west to east precipitation gradient is present
and consequentially natural vegetation consists of drought resistant grasses and shrubs in the
west transitioning into tall grasses and cross timber ecosystems to the east (Patton and Lyday
2008). Agricultural operations including hay and row-crop production and livestock grazing
dominate a large majority of the watershed. The lake serves multiple operation purposes
including flood control to the area and downstream regions (OK, TX, AR, LA), power
generation, water supply, and recreation.
Lake Texoma is one of the most popular Federal recreation facilities in the country, with more
than 6 million visitors annually. In 2006, Texoma ranked first among USACOE lake projects
nationwide, with visitors spending over 90 million hours at the lake
(www.swt.usace.army.mil/recreat/OPSField.CFM?tblOPSField__LakeName=Lake%20Texoma). Two state
parks, 26 resorts, 10 USACOE campgrounds, and 22 commercial concessionaires offer services
to visitors on and around the lake. In addition, the Tishomingo and Hagerman National
Wildlife Refuges provide home to native and migratory wildlife. Recreational activities
contribute greatly to the economy of the entire lake area and to the benefit of local and regional
businesses, cities and individuals. Several nicknames have been coined for Lake Texoma
including “Playground of the Southwest” and “Striper Capital of the World”.
The USACOE along with the Southwestern Power Administration manage lake elevations. The
top of the flood control pool is 640 feet msl and the normal power pool is 617 feet msl. In 1992,
a seasonal pool plan was implemented to enhance fish and wildlife habitat. The seasonal pool
plan elevations fluctuate between 615 and 619 feet msl (Figure 2). While the seasonal pool plan
outlines target elevations, fluctuations due to flood control and/or hydropower demands can
occur regularly.
Habitat
Natural fish habitat consists of large expanses of open water, offshore humps, and areas of
limited submerged standing timber, rock, coarse gravel, and mud or sand flats. Buttonbush
(Cephalanthus occidentalis) is common along the shorelines in many areas of the lake, growing
at or above Conservation Pool elevation. This species provides good spawning and nursery
habitat when seasonally inundated. Aquatic vegetation is very sparse due to fluctuating water
levels and herbivorous fish. Transplanted colonies of submerged vegetation have yielded poor
results.
Additional habitat includes man-made structures such as rip-rap, natural and artificial brush
piles, and boat docks. The Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation (ODWC) currently
maintains 39 marked brushpiles to increase angler opportunities. Maps and geo-references for
these structures are available on the Fish and Wildlife Digital Atlas
(http://fishlab.ou.edu/odwcims/).
Water Quality
Lake Texoma is classified as a eutrophic reservoir with high primary productivity. Water quality
data collected through the Oklahoma Water Resources Board (OWRB) as part of their Beneficial
Use Monitoring Program (BUMP) classifies Lake Texoma as supporting or partially supporting
the outlined Fish and Wildlife Propagation (FWP) beneficial uses. The complete BUMP report
for Lake Texoma can be viewed at http://www.owrb.ok.gov/quality/monitoring/bump.php. A
brief overview of several water quality parameters is included below and in Table 1.
Thermal and Chemical Stratification
Lake Texoma exhibits strong thermal and chemical stratification during summer months (July –
mid-September) with anoxic conditions occurring below the thermocline. Depth of the
thermocline varies within the lake. Upper portions of the Washita River Arm typically stratify at
a depth of 30 - 40 feet, whereas the lower lake stratifies at 40 - 50 feet. This results in a greater
percentage of the water column having cool, oxygenated water in the main lake basin. Lake
Texoma is considered partially supporting the FWP beneficial use based on low dissolved
oxygen levels recorded during the summer.
Turbidity
A strong down lake turbidity gradient occurs within Lake Texoma. Lower lake samples had an
average turbidity of 5 NTU and a secchi disk depth of 51 inches. The upper Red River arm had
an average turbidity level of 59 NTU and a secchi disk depth of 13 inches.
Productivity
A trophic state index (TSI), using Carlson's TSI (chlorophyll-a), was calculated to measure the
lake’s productivity. TSI values varied from upper lake to lower lake, indicating a primary
productivity gradient within the lake. The upper Red River arm was classified as
hypereutrophic, whereas the Washita River arm and lower lake sections ranged from eutrophic to
mesotrophic.
Conductivity
Specific conductivity ranged from 887.6 μS/cm to 3,062 μS/cm, indicating high levels of current
conducting ions (chlorides and salts) in the system. These values are highest within the upper
reservoir arms, notability the Red River, and generally decline in a down lake gradient.
Salinity
Salinity values ranged from 0.30 ppt in the Washita River arm to 1.70 ppt in the Red River arm.
These values are higher than the range of values recorded in other Oklahoma reservoirs.
pH
The pH values ranged from 7.13 to 8.75, representing a neutral to slightly alkaline system. The
fish and wildlife beneficial use based on pH is supported.
Tailrace
Water quality and flow regime within the tailrace are greatly influenced by hydropower
production (Ashby 1999). Two generation units are present and capable of elevating tailrace
water levels over 6.5 feet during peaking conditions (9,005 ft3sec-1) producing cyclical high and
low flows. These releases reflect forebay conditions characterized by low dissolved oxygen and
elevated concentrations of iron and magnesium during summer stratification. Generation
releases have been known to influence water quality over twelve miles downstream of the dam
(Ashby 1999). Operational strategies, such as selective withdrawal and surface releases, are not
possible given the current configuration of the dam. Centerlines of the penstocks are located 84
feet below normal pool level.
Historic fish kills associated with chronic dissolved oxygen levels have prompted the USACOE
to release a continuous flow of nearly 50 cfs from an adjacent floodgate during summer
stratification. This released water receives aeration as it sprays from the cracked gate and
cascades down baffles prior to spilling into the tailrace. Ashby (1999) acknowledges a positive
benefit of this supplemental release during non-generation periods but suggests that results
decline during peaking generation. ODWC monitoring further implies that a localized refuge
may be provided for aquatic organisms and supports the continued use of this practice during
summer stratification (mid-July to mid-September) as it appears to reduce fish stress and
associated mortality.
Fishery
Management of the Lake Texoma fishery is shared between the ODWC and Texas Parks and
Wildlife Department (TPWD) and is a valuable lesson in multi-jurisdictional cooperative
management. In efforts to establish consistency for anglers and allow more effective
enforcement capabilities, joint management efforts have gradually been realized. A special Lake
Texoma fishing license was created in 1979 allowing anglers to fish the lake in either state’s
jurisdiction without purchasing two separate licenses. This further allowed more effective law
enforcement capabilities and provided monetary support for increasing management
collaboration between the states. By 1997, ODWC and TPWD standardized regulations for all
fish species previously managed under separate regulations. Joint sampling, data sharing, and
annual meetings continue to support an open dialogue and cooperative management.
The major sportfish in Lake Texoma include largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides),
smallmouth bass (M. dolomieu), spotted bass (M. punctulatus), white bass (Morone chrysops),
striped bass (M. saxatilis), white crappie (Pomoxis annularis), black crappie (P.
nigromaculatus), blue catfish (Ictalurus furcatus), channel catfish (I. punctatus), and flathead
catfish (Pylodictis olivaris). The primary forage species include threadfin and gizzard shad.
Lake Texoma has produced numerous Oklahoma and Texas state record fish. Quality fish
caught at Lake Texoma are also eligible for Lake Record status in both states. Information about
these programs can be found at the ODWC website (www.wildlifedepartment.com) or the
TPWD website (www.tpwd.state.tx.us). The fish stocking history for Lake Texoma is included
in Table 2. Special fishing regulations which apply to Lake Texoma include:
Largemouth, Smallmouth, 5 combined per day, 14-inch minimum size limit for largemouth
and Spotted Bass: and smallmouth bass.
All Crappie: 37 per day, 10-inch minimum size limit.
Striped Bass and/or 10 combined per day, of which only two may be 20-inches or
Striped Bass Hybrids: longer. Culling is prohibited.
White Bass: 25 per day, no minimum size limit.
Channel and/or 15 combined per day, 12-inch minimum size limit with only one
Blue Catfish: blue catfish greater than 30-inches per day.
Flathead Catfish: 5 per day, 20-inch minimum size limit.
Alligator Gar: 1 per day, angling for alligator gar by any method is prohibited
from May 1 through May 31, within the boundaries of Hagerman
National Wildlife Refuge and from the State Hwy 99 / US Hwy
377 Bridge upstream to the I-35 Bridge.
Other Species: Statewide regulations.
Black Bass
Lake Texoma contains three species of black bass; largemouth bass, spotted bass, and
smallmouth bass and is one of the best black bass lakes in the region. Over the past 15 years,
Texoma has averaged a statewide ranking of 9th place overall and 5th place for average winning
weight in bass tournaments reporting results to ODWC. Complete tournament results for Lake
Texoma are summarized in Table 3.
Largemouth Bass
The largemouth bass is the dominant black bass species in Lake Texoma. Florida-strain
largemouth bass were stocked consistently throughout the 1990s to increase abundance of
trophy-sized bass. The current Oklahoma lake record largemouth bass was caught in 2009 and
weighed 11.2 lbs. Catch rates and relative weights for legal-sized fish are consistently within the
range of acceptable values for a quality fishery. Recruitment of young bass is occasionally
below acceptable values. This was true during the most recent survey conducted in 2010. Catch
rates and size structure of largemouth bass are included in Table 4 and Figures 3 and 4,
respectively. Growth rates for largemouth bass were within acceptable levels when compared to
other major reservoirs within the region (Figure 5). Largemouth bass from Lake Texoma were
tested for Largemouth Bass Virus (LMBV) in 2002. These results indicated that approximately
one-quarter of the population carried LMBV. Fish kills resulting from LMBV were never
confirmed at Lake Texoma.
Spotted Bass
Spotted bass make up a small portion of the black bass population at Lake Texoma. Catch rates,
size structure, and growth rates of the spotted bass population are listed in Table 5 and Figures 6
- 8, respectively.
Smallmouth Bass
Smallmouth bass were first stocked in 1981 and have developed into a quality smallmouth bass
fishery. The population is self-sustaining and has expanded to most of the available habitat
within the lake. Numerous Oklahoma state record smallmouth bass have been produced at Lake
Texoma. The largest on record was caught in 2003 and weighed 7.8 lbs. Sampling data is
limited for smallmouth bass given their preference for deeper, rock and bolder type habitat.
These habitats are not effectively sampled by daytime electrofishing. Spring electrofishing
samples conducted during 2010 resulted in an overall catch rate of 7.3 fish/hr with 4.0 fish/hr
exceeding 14 inches. Size distribution and growth rates are included in Figures 9 and 10,
respectively.
Temperate Bass
White Bass
White Bass are native to the Lake Texoma watershed and contribute to the recreational fishery.
Fishing for white bass is especially popular during the spring when they make their spawning run
up the numerous tributaries of the lake. The National Sand Bass Festival was started in 1963 as
business men and community leaders attempted to bring the natural resources of Madill and
Marshall County into the spotlight. Historic densities of white bass were phenomenal. Lake
aging and the expansion of the striped bass population has likely masked this once dominant
pelagic predator. Despite a perceived decline from decades ago, the white bass population
continues to provide diverse angling opportunities.
Catch rates for white bass have increased over the past five years as the lake has recovered from
drought conditions and a shad kill during the winter of 2000/2001. Catch rates and size structure
of the Lake Texoma white bass fishery are included in Table 6 and Figures 11 and 12,
respectively.
Striped Bass
The evolution of the Lake Texoma striped bass fishery has required intensive management and
regulation adjustments. ODWC introduced 1,013,133 striped bass into the reservoir from 1965
to 1974 to create an additional sport fishery and to provide a biological control on shad
populations (Harper and Namminga 1986). Natural reproduction was verified in 1973, 1975, and
each year thereafter (Mauck 1986). To protect the developing population a 1 fish/day bag limit
was originally imposed in 1967. Ten years later this bag limit was raised to 3 fish/day and later
to 5 fish/day in 1980. Populations of striped bass and forage fish were in excellent condition and
yielded numerous trophy fish in the early 1980’s (Mauck 1986). The current lake record was
caught in 1984 weighing 35.12 pounds. By 1980, Lake Texoma had become nationally
recognized for its excellent striped bass fishery and experienced increasing fishing pressure. In
1982, liberal bag limits were instituted allowing anglers to harvest 15 fish/day of which only 5
could exceed 20 inches.
Angling pressure and environmental factors have combined to shape the Lake Texoma striped
bass fishery. Artificial lures were the primary method of fishing prior to 1985 when bait fishing
made its debut (Mauck 1986). This technique allowed anglers and guides to more effectively
target trophy fish and regularly harvest bag limits. It became the opinion that live bait fishing
was a contributing factor to declining numbers of large fish, prompting biologists to conduct a
fishing mortality survey. Hysmith et al. (1992) demonstrated that post-release mortality of
striped bass caught on live bait (57.6%) far surpassed those caught with artificial baits with treble
hooks (32.3%) and single hooks (15.7%). These results further showed that this discrepancy was
higher for fish over 20 inches with mortality estimates as high as 71% when caught with live
bait.
By the late 1980’s it was apparent that a combination of environmental factors were having a
significant impact on the population. Discharge of flood waters reduced the number of large fish
due to entrainment, while winter kills of threadfin shad reduced the forage base and negatively
impacted year-class strength. Another environmental factor, known as the “temperature-dissolved
oxygen squeeze”, also negatively affected striped bass distribution and survival during
the summer months. Striped bass are a temperate species, preferring a temperature range from
64 – 75 °F. Due to the thermal and chemical stratification that occurs at Lake Texoma (and
many other lakes in the southern U.S.) preferred temperatures often experience anoxic or sub-lethal
dissolved oxygen concentrations for striped bass. This results in stripers being “squeezed”
into a narrow band of water that meets their temperature and oxygen needs. Stripers become
stressed when these conditions cannot be met in the lake. Stratification and the resulting impact
on the striper population vary each year due to a number of environmental factors. Generally,
stratification occurs at deeper, cooler depths in the lower lake sections, whereas upper lake areas
experience warmer temperature and less suitable conditions for striped bass. This effect can
influence the distribution of striped bass into the lower basin of the reservoir during the summer
months. Overcrowding and insufficient forage availability can play a large role in the overall
stress and survival of striped bass during the summer months.
In 1989, the regulation was adjusted to a 15 fish/day creel with only 1 fish > 20 inches. A joint
angler creel survey by the ODWC and TPWD was initiated in 1987 to determine catch rates,
fishing pressure, and harvest estimates and ran through 1999 (Hysmith et al. 2000). During this
13-year survey, striped bass anglers accounted for 63.6% of the angling effort and harvested an
estimated 854,032 striped bass annually (range 474,459 to 1,233,066). Weight of harvested
striped bass averaged 1,706717 pounds annually but saw yearly estimates as high as 2,883,333
pounds.
Despite efforts to reduce the harvest of larger fish in the population, striped bass were not
reaching their historic trophy sizes and regulations were ineffective in reviving numbers of
striped bass greater than 20 inches (Moczygemba and Hysmith 1994). In an attempt to reduce
the impacts of catch and release mortality, the ODWC and TPWD adopted a regulation
decreasing the bag limit to 10 fish/day while increasing the number > 20 inches to two fish daily.
This regulation was adopted in 1996 and remains in effect today.
Since 1993, winter gill-net data has been jointly collected by ODWC and TPWD and indicates
that the striped bass population has remained stable in recent years. The percentage of fish ≥ 20
inches in the population has averaged 21.7% since the latest regulation change in 1996. Catch
rates and size distribution data are presented in Table 7 and Figures 13 and 14. This population
data mirrors the current regulation which allows 20% of the harvest to exceed 20 inches. Age
and growth data was last collected in 2008. These data are presented in Figure 15. Growth rates
for Lake Texoma striped bass are generally slower than other reservoir populations in the
southeast United States. Estimates from annual population samples indicate total mortality is
approximately 50% for striped bass age-1 and older (ODWC, unpublished data). Natural
mortality is intensified in years following a threadfin shad kill. The decline of fish collected in
gillnets during 2002 reflects forage limitations the prior summer due to a harsh 2000/2001
winter. Angler harvest and catch and release mortality are also major contributors to the total
mortality rate (Hysmith et al. 1992).
The current length and bag limit restrictions on Lake Texoma striped bass are the result of many
years of combined fishery population surveys, angler surveys, public hearings and various
harvest regulation modifications by ODWC and TPWD. Approximately 200 guides operate on
the lake and guided trips account for 60% of the directed effort for striped bass and comprise
77% of the total harvest (Moczygemba et al. 2005). The striped bass fishery at Lake Texoma is
estimated to provide in excess of $25 million annually to the local economy (Schorr et al. 1995)
making it arguably the single-most valuable fishery resource in Oklahoma. Since the
establishment of the current regulations, the striped bass population remains stable and the
majority of anglers are satisfied with their Lake Texoma fishing experience (Hunt and Ditton
1998). Fortunately, the desires of the angling public and the production capabilities of the lake
align.
Catfish
Blue Catfish
Blue catfish have become an important and increasingly sought after sportfish at Lake Texoma.
A former world record blue catfish (121.5 lbs) was caught from the Texas side of Lake Texoma
in 2004 using rod and reel. The current Oklahoma state record blue catfish was caught in 1988
and weighed 118 lbs. Sampling data indicates that Lake Texoma has an abundant and stable
blue catfish population. Mauck and Boxrucker (2004) estimated total annual mortality for Lake
Texoma blue catfish to be 18.8%. Creel surveys conducted in 2006 and 2007 indicated that blue
catfish make up 66.7% of the total catfish harvest at Lake Texoma (Kuklinski 2008). The
average length of harvested blue catfish during that survey was 18.7 inches in 2006 and 24.7
inches in 2007. Blue catfish take approximately 13 years to reach > 30 inches in Lake Texoma
(Kuklinski 2008; Table 8). Of the twelve premier blue catfish fisheries in Oklahoma that were
evaluated by Kuklinski 2008, only two reached 30 inches faster than Lake Texoma (one year
faster in both cases). Changes to sampling protocol implemented in 2009 will require several
years of sampling to determine a quality baseline for catch rates. Decreased catch rates for larger
individuals in 2009 is likely an artifact of sampling design and is not considered an actual
reduction in the population. Catch rates for blue catfish are included in Table 9.
Channel Catfish
Channel Catfish are omnivorous, feeding on a wide variety of organic matter, dead and alive.
Some of the more common foods are fish, mussels, snails, insects and crayfish. Creel surveys
conducted in 2006 and 2007 indicated that channel catfish make up 32.0% of the total catfish
harvest at Lake Texoma (Kuklinski 2008). The average length of harvested channel catfish
during that survey was 15.2 inches in 2006 and 17.8 inches in 2007. Catch rates for channel
catfish have remained inconsistent over the last decade (Table 10; Figure 16). This is likely due
to sampling bias rather than population fluctuations. During the 1980s, relative weights were
consistently below acceptable values (90). Relative weights have improved and generally
exceeded acceptable values over the last two samples.
Crappie
Lake Texoma contains both white crappie and black crappie. Angling for crappie is popular
during the spring spawn and throughout the year around boat docks. Sampling for crappie has
been intermittent over the last decade. Previous data indicates that Lake Texoma has a low
abundance of crappie with inconsistent recruitment. Growth rates for crappie are good and
consistently exceed acceptable values. Crappie catch rates, growth rates, and size structure from
past trap-netting surveys are presented in Tables 11, 12 and Figure 17, respectively.
Shad
Productive water within the lake allows for an abundant shad population consisting of both
gizzard and threadfin shad. These species compose the majority of diet for predators within the
lake, especially pelagic predators such as striped bass. Adult gizzard shad are able to reach large
sizes and can outgrow gape limits of many predators. Threadfin shad adults are considerably
smaller, rarely exceeding 6 inches in length. Threadfin are temperature sensitive and stress at
temperatures below 45°F. Four significant threadfin shad die-offs have been reported due to
unusually cold winters (1981/1982, 1987/1988, 2000/2001, and 2009/2010). In a few instances,
broodstock have been added following these events to jump start the population and to appease
public pressure. The utilization of shad for live bait fishing is very popular, particularly with
fishing guides.
Age-0 shad abundance, as measured by surface-set gill-net samples, is high and dominated by
threadfin shad (Kuklinski 2010). Relative densities of age-0 shad (gizzard and threadfin
combined) are similar between the Red and Washita River arms during most years of study but
numbers decline within the lower lake (Kuklinski 2010 and J. Boxrucker, pers. comm..).
Differences in between-arm catches were more evident with age-0 gizzard shad being found
more routinely in the Red River arm. Shad densities vary annually but are not significantly
different in most years.
Paddlefish
Paddlefish (Polyodon spathula) are native to the Red River drainage. The construction of
Denison Dam in 1944 blocked upstream migrations to spawning grounds and led to extirpation
of the paddlefish from Lake Texoma and upstream. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service
(USFWS) initiated a restoration stocking program for paddlefish in Lake Texoma in 1999.
Evaluation of the Lake Texoma paddlefish population conducted by Patterson (2010) estimated
the population at 1,761 individuals in 2009. Natural reproduction could not be confirmed during
this study. Paddlefish were found to generally utilize the upper portions of the reservoir.
Growth rates were similar to other Oklahoma paddlefish populations.
Alligator Gar
Alligator gar (Atractosteus spatula) is a fishery resource of growing importance in the
southeastern United States. Declining populations in portions of the species’ range have caused
many state and federal agencies to actively manage populations. Growing concerns about the
vulnerability of spawning alligator gar in Lake Texoma led to the development of seasonal “no
harvest” areas in the Big Mineral and upper Red River arm of the lake. Alligator gar are known
to reach 100 or more pounds in Lake Texoma and the Red River. The current Oklahoma state
record was caught in 2006 in the Red River upstream from the lake. It weighed 184 pounds and
was 7 feet, 8 inches long.
Fish Consumption Advisories
Fish consumption advisories are issued by the Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality
(ODEQ) and can be viewed at www.deq.state.ok.us. At the time of this document, no fish
consumption advisories exist for Lake Texoma.
Threats to the Fishery
Siltation
The highly erodible soils within the Red and Washita River drainages contribute to turbidity and
significant sedimentation in the upper reaches of Lake Texoma. Patton and Lyday (2007) have
documented accretion of sediments above water level that has effectively resulted in surface area
reduction, cove isolation, fragmentation of lacustrine habitats, morphometric changes, and
establishment of terrestrial vegetation on newly deposited lands. Depositional bars have
effectively isolated large embayments (i.e. Widow Moore, and Kansas Creek) greatly limiting
boat access to these once popular fishing destinations.
Limited connectivity to the main lake and a decline in habitat quality has likely influenced the
distinct fish communities found between isolated fragments and the main reservoir. Shorelines
associated with isolated backwaters are generally monotypic and of low value to many species of
desirable sportfish. These shorelines are characterized by reduced shoreline development values,
lower shoreline gradient, and reduced habitat heterogeneity than main lake non-depositional
shorelines. Future decades will pose numerous challenges and perhaps opportunities to resource
managers as management will likely be altered in these wetland environments.
Competing water uses
Current and projected demands for regional water have elevated concerns for adequate quality
water for aquatic resources in future years and decades. Numerous projects and operational
changes are being evaluated to make Red River and Lake Texoma water more readily available
and desirable for municipal, industrial, and agricultural purposes. Unfortunately, there are
concerns that changes to the chemical properties of water and additional removal from the
system will have pronounced negative effects on aquatic organisms and water-based recreation
in the region.
Efforts to remove naturally occurring chlorides from water draining the Red River watershed
have been the focus of numerous studies over the past decades and appear to be regaining
momentum. The construction of low-flow dams, pump stations, and diversion pipelines would
potentially alter instream flows, the timing and magnitude of inflow events, and water chemistry.
It is widely understood that chlorides are important properties entrained within water that bind to
suspended clay particles and assist with flocculation, subsequently enhancing water clarity. This
process is important for making the water within Lake Texoma aesthetically pleasing and
attractive to water-based recreation. Additionally, primary productivity and lake carrying
capacity are enhanced by adequate sunlight penetration. The relatively high salinity levels are an
important factor for striped bass egg development and buoyancy. A reduction in salinity and a
reduction in available flows may compromise this premier fishery.
Water storage reallocations pose additional threats to the current seasonal pool plan, optimal fish
production and water-based recreational activities. Concern as to whether enough water is
available within the Red River, its tributaries, and Lake Texoma to satisfy the “cumulative”
water supply requirements is warranted.
Aquatic Nuisance Species (ANS)
Golden Alga
Golden alga (Parmnesium parvum) is a single-celled species capable of producing dense blooms
and toxins. Golden alga was first observed within Lake Texoma during the winter of 2004 when
fish kills were observed in several embayments of the upper Red River arm. Subsequent fish
kills resulting from golden alga blooms were documented in 2006, 2007, and 2009. Each of
these kills was contained within isolated embayments of the upper Red River arm. Toxins
produced from this harmful species have the ability to harm or kill organisms within multiple
trophic levels including other algal species, zooplankton, planktivores and piscivores.
Conditions surrounding bloom and toxin formation are dynamic and not completely understood.
High levels of nutrients, especially phosphorus, and relatively high salinity levels (>1.5 ppt) are
conducive to increased toxicity levels (Hambright 2009). Golden alga densities are higher in the
winter and in the Red River arm of the lake. While this species is observed lake wide, heavy
blooms, toxic conditions, and associated fish kills have been limited to the Red River arm. The
largest blooms have been observed in Lebanon Pool, a large backwater basin often disconnected
from the main reservoir. Observed fish kills have occurred during years of lower than normal
pool elevation which may further favor bloom conditions and limit the ability of fishes to escape
near-shore areas or isolated embayment. The establishment of the University of Oklahoma
Biological Station Plankton Ecology Lab has placed Oklahoma and specifically Lake Texoma at
the forefront of Prymnesium research in the United States and abroad. Substantial monitoring
and research is currently being conducted to better understand this harmful alga and attempt to
provide management implications.
Zebra mussels
Zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) were first detected in Lake Texoma in 2008. Water
samples collected by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service near Highport Marina tested positive
during PCR analysis. The first live adult zebra mussel was detected in April of 2009 near
Eisenhower State Park. Since that time, adult zebra mussels have become widespread
throughout Lake Texoma. Additional research is warranted to track the population increase and
potential negative impacts of zebra mussels in Lake Texoma.
Harris Mud Crabs
Harris mud crabs (Rhithropanopeus harrisii) were first collected at Lake Texoma in September
2008. The first specimen was provided to ODWC by a scuba diver and a second specimen was
collected by Southeastern Oklahoma State University (SOSU) during sampling to determine the
abundance of Harris mud crabs in Lake Texoma. Both specimens were collected near the dock
at Cross Point Methodist Camp. In 2009, additional sampling was conducted by SOSU to
determine the distribution and abundance of Harris mud crabs in Lake Texoma. A total of 22
specimens were collected ranging from Buncombe Creek to the west and Willow Springs to the
north and east. The Harris mud crab is believed to originate from the Gulf of Mexico and has
established populations in at least five Texas freshwater reservoirs. Lake Nacona has an
established Harris mud crab population and is upstream of Lake Texoma within the Red River
watershed. The Lake Texoma population may be the result of downstream migration from Lake
Nacona. Additional research is warranted to track the population increase and distribution of
Harris mud crabs in Lake Texoma.
Asian Carp
Bighead (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis) and silver carp (H. molitrix) are invasive fish that feed on
plankton and compete for food with larval fishes, shad, and mussels. Grass carp
(Ctenopharyngodon idella) are herbivorous fish holding a reputation of ecological disruption
often limiting desirable aquatic vegetation. Juvenile grass carp have been observed within the
Red and Washita River arms of the reservoir, indicating successful reproduction within the
watershed (Hargrave and Gido 2004). Bighead carp have been confirmed within the tailrace and
unconfirmed reports of bighead carp have been reported within the lake. The long free flowing
current offered in the Red and Washita Rivers provide a mechanism for successful hatching for
their semi-buoyant eggs. Documenting Asian carp sightings will be critical to monitoring their
expansion. It is suspected that the source of inter-basin spread is bait bucket introductions. A
marketing campaign is needed to educate the public on identification of these species and
measures to avoid their further spread.
Hydrilla
Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata) is an invasive and potentially damaging aquatic weed popular in
the aquarium trade. It has the ability to form dense mats displacing native species, restricting
water flow, and impairing recreational activities. Its many modes of reproduction, including
fragmentation, allows for rapid spread and dispersal within and among water bodies. Although
hydrilla has not been observed within Lake Texoma, several water bodies within its drainage
host this species (Arbuckle and Murray Lakes). It is unknown how this species may impact Lake
Texoma if established.
Lake Texoma Fisheries Management Goal
To provide a diversified, high quality sport fishery commensurate with resource capabilities and
public desires.
Objectives and Strategies
Objective 1.0 Maintain largemouth bass electrofishing catch rates at the following
levels.
A. Total catch rates - > 65 fish per hour.
B. Catch rates for LMB > 14 inches - > 25 fish per hour.
C. Length at age – 14 inches at age 3.
Strategies
1. Conduct standardized sampling procedure (SSP) electrofishing every two
years to evaluate catch rates.
2. Collect age and growth data once every five years.
3. Maintain current harvest regulations.
Objective 2.0 Establish baseline dataset for smallmouth bass.
Strategies
1. Collect smallmouth bass during SSP electrofishing every two years to
evaluate catch rates by size groups and relative weights.
2. Conduct fall SSP electrofishing to evaluate catch rates by size groups and
relative weights.
3. Evaluate spring versus fall electrofishing data and determine appropriate
sampling protocol for Lake Texoma.
4. Collect age and growth data once every five years.
5. Monitor tournament data.
6. Establish target management objectives.
Objective 3.0 Maintain striped bass gill-net catch rates, size structure, and growth at
the following levels.
A. Winter gillnet catch rates - ≥ 22 fish per net-night
B. Percentage of fish ≥ 20-inches - ≥ 20%
C. Length at age – 20-inches at age IV
Strategies
1. Conduct SSP gillnetting annually to evaluate catch rates by size groups and
relative weights.
2. Collect age and growth data once every five years.
3. Maintain current harvest regulations.
Objective 4.0 Evaluate summer electrofishing protocol for blue catfish and establish a
baseline dataset.
Strategies
1. Conduct summer electrofishing every three years utilizing random and non-random
protocols for site selection.
2. Evaluate random versus non-random electrofishing data and determine
appropriate sampling protocol for Lake Texoma with an emphasis on larger
individuals (>30 inches).
3. Establish target management objectives.
Objective 5.0 Establish baseline dataset for crappie.
Strategies
1. Conduct SSP trap netting every three years to evaluate catch rates by size
groups and relative weights.
2. Collect age and growth data during each survey year.
3. Establish target management objectives.
Objective 6.0 Collect trend data on threadfin and gizzard shad populations and
maintain densities appropriate for predator demand.
Strategies
1. Conduct SSP gillnetting annually to evaluate catch rates by size groups.
2. Monitor potential interaction with zebra mussels.
3. Monitor effects of potential winter kill events.
4. Restock threadfin shad following severe winter kills if an acceptable source is
available.
Objective 7.0 Address aquatic nuisance species through monitoring efforts and public
outreach.
Strategies
1. Participate in Lake Texoma ANS committee and provide technical assistance
towards applicable plans, monitoring efforts, and public outreach.
2. Conduct at least one media contact per year highlighting ANS issues and
measures the public can use to prevent further spread.
3. Provide area dock managers and marina operators with information that will
educate the public regarding aquatic nuisance species.
Objective 8.0 Protect and enhance aquatic habitat to benefit important sportfish and
their associated prey species.
Strategies
1. Oppose habitat degradation and shoreline development that does not comply
with the Lake Texoma Shoreline Management Plan and does not require
adequate mitigation. ODWC will propose adequate and reasonable mitigation
measures when necessary.
2. Maintain thirty (30) fishing attractors and visually mark their position with
buoys. Brush piles made of natural materials will be refurbished once during
the duration of this plan.
3. Provide GPS coordinates of all newly established habitat structures for public
viewing on the ODWC website.
4. Establish additional shallow water habitat using methods and materials
supported by USACOE.
5. Protect the seasonal pool plan which inundates terrestrial vegetation,
providing spawning and nursery habitat.
Objective 9.0 Provide technical assistance to public agencies and participate in related
planning efforts
Strategies
1. Collect forebay and tailrace water quality data during summer stratification
period and advise the USACOE accordingly.
2. Monitor USACOE and ODEQ permits and provide comments on projects that
could negatively impact the resource and/or public use.
3. Continue to serve as a member of the Lake Texoma Advisory Committee.
4. Meet annually with TPWD staff to facilitate data transfer and ensure
regulation consistency.
Objective 10.0 Provide improved angler access at selected sites
Strategies
1. Utilize Sportfish Restoration Boating and Fishing access funds to improve
existing sites and establish new sites pending suitable cooperators and
funding.
2. Annually monitor existing boating and fishing access projects and supply
cooperator with a compliance letter.
3. Work with USACOE to identify and develop high water level boat ramps and
quality shoreline fishing access.
Objective 11.0 Conduct public outreach
Strategies
1. Conduct at least one media contact per year highlighting ODWC management
efforts on Lake Texoma and fishing opportunities available to the public.
2. Provide support to the Lake Records program and area vendors.
3. Provide area dock managers and marina operators with information that will
educate the public regarding regulations and aquatic nuisance species.
4. Provide information to the Lake Texoma Association as requested and attend
related meetings as available.
5. Collect fish and/or tissue samples as requested to monitor contaminant levels
in selected fishes.
6. Educate anglers and guides about proper fish handling and associated fishing
mortality.
7. Publish case history of striped bass in Lake Texoma.
Citations
Ashby, S. L., J. L. Myers, E. Laney, D. Honnell, and C. Owens. 1999. The effects of
hydropower releases from Lake Texoma on downstream water quality. Journal of
Freshwater Ecology Volume 4:103-112.
Hambright, K. D. 2009. Invasive and toxic golden algae in Lake Texoma: Research to identify
practical management measures for regulation of toxicity and prevention of blooms. July
1, 2008 to June 30, 2009. Federal Aid Project F-61-R, Job No. 3. Oklahoma Department
of Wildlife Conservation. Oklahoma City, OK.
Hargrave, C.W. and K.B. Gido. 2004. Evidence of reproduction by exotic grass carp in the Red
and Washita Rivers, Oklahoma. Southwestern Naturalist 49:89-93.
Harper, J. L. and H. E. Namminga. 1986. Fish population trends in Lake Texoma
reservoir following establishment of striped bass. Pages 156-165 in G. E. Hall and M J.
Van Den Avyle, editors. Reservoir Fisheries Management: Strategies for the 80’s.
Reservoir Committee, Southern Division, American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, MD.
Hunt, K. M. and R. B. Ditton. 1998. Characteristics of anglers and guides at Lake
Texoma, their fishing participation patterns, and attitudes towards management of the
recreational fishery. Human Dimensions of Fisheries Research Laboratory. Texas A&M
University, College Station.
Hysmith, B. T., J. H. Moczygemba, and T. R. Robinson. 2000. Statewide freshwater
fisheries monitoring and management program: Survey report for Lake Texoma, 1999.
Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Performance Report, Federal Aid Project F-30-R,
Austin.
Hysmith, B. T., J. H. Moczygemba, and G. R. Wilde. 1992. Hooking morality of striped
bass in Lake Texoma, Texas-Oklahoma. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the
Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies 46:413-420.
Kuklinski, K. 2008. Size at harvest and growth of blue catfish in Oklahoma reservoirs. May 1,
2006 to December 31, 2007. Federal Aid Project F-50-R, Job No. 24. Oklahoma
Department of Wildlife Conservation. Oklahoma City, OK.
Kuklinski, K. 2010. Evaluation of striped bass recruitment in the Washita River and Red River
arms of Lake Texoma. March 1, 2005 to December 31, 2009. Federal Aid Project F-50-
R, Job No. 20. Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation. Oklahoma City, OK.
Mauck, P. E. 1986. Striped bass research study: Population trends (Texoma Reservoir)
March 1, 1981 to February 29, 1986. Federal Aid Project F-29-R, Job No. 3. Oklahoma
Department of Wildlife Conservation, Oklahoma City, OK.
Mauck, P. and J. Boxrucker. 2004. Abundance, Growth, and Mortality of the Lake Texoma Blue
Catfish Population: Implications for Management. Proceedings of the Annual
Conference of the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies 58:57-65.
Moczygemba, J. H. and B. T. Hysmith. 1994. Evaluation of reduced striped bass bag
limit, Lake Texoma, Texas and Oklahoma. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the
Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies 48:433-440.
Moczygemba, J. H., B. T. Hysmith, and J.W. Schlechte. 2005. Comparison of guided
and unguided fishing trips from two Texas reservoirs. Texas Chapter, American
Fisheries Society Annual Proceedings, Volume 27:17-30.
Patton, T., and C. Lyday. 2008. Ecological succession and fragmentation in a reservoir: effects of
sedimentation on habitats and fish communities. American Fisheries Society Symposium
62.
Schoor, M. S., J. Sah, D. F. Schreiner, M. R. Meador, and L. G. Hill. 1995. Regional
economic impact of the Lake Texoma (Oklahoma-Texas) striped bass fishery. Fisheries
20(5):14-18.
Table 1. Physical and chemical characteristics of Lake Texoma
Operating Agencies:
Hydropower
Flood Control
Southwestern Power Administration
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Impoundment Date
1944
Watershed
39,719 square miles
Surface Area
88,000 acres
Capacity
2,643,000 acre-feet
Shoreline
580 miles
Shoreline Development Ratio
13.9
Mean Depth
30.6 ft.
Maximum Depth
98.4 ft.
Water Exchange Rate
6.06
Lower Lake Upper Lake
Secchi Disk
51 in.
13 in.
pH Range
7.27 – 8.42 7.84 – 8.65
Conductivity Range
887.6 – 1301
VS/cm
1364 – 3062
VS/cm
Salinity Range
0.46 – 0.70 ppt
0.70 – 1.70 ppt
Average Turbidity Value
5 NTU 59 NTU
Trophic State Index (chlorophyll a)
51
63
Trophic Class
Mesotrophic Hypereutrophic
Table 2. Species, number and size of fish stocked by Oklahoma and Texas in Lake Texoma
from 1965 to 2010.
DATE SPECIES NUMBER SIZE
1965 Striped bass 138 Adults
1967 Striped bass 200,000 Fry
1968 Striped bass 5,000 Fingerlings
1968 Walleye 50,400 Fry
1969 Walleye 500,000 Fry
1969 Striped bass 284,614 Fingerlings
1970 Striped bass 77,640 Fingerlings
1971 Striped bass 96,839 Fingerlings
1972 Striped bass 208,340 Fingerlings
1973 Striped bass 141,612 Fingerlings
1974 Florida bass 10,000 Fry
1974 Striped bass 548,898 Fingerlings
1974 Largemouth bass 57,225 Fry
1975 Walleye 4,750,000 Fry
1975 Florida bass 200,000 Fry
1975 Hybrid largemouth bass 80,000 Fry
1976 Walleye 25,000 Fry
1977 Walleye 2,261,000 Fry
1977 Florida bass 23,748 Fingerlings
1977 Striped bass 1,600 Fingerlings
1979 Threadfin shad 31,181 Adults
1981 Smallmouth bass 576,655 Fingerlings
1982 Threadfin shad 1,500 Adults
1982 Smallmouth bass 452,372 Fingerlings
1983 Smallmouth bass 48,104 Fingerlings
1984 Threadfin shad 33,744 Adults
1984 Striped bass 490 Fingerlings
1985 Threadfin shad 38,920 Adults
1985 Florida bass 237,589 Fingerlings
1985 Striped bass 550 Fry
1986 Florida bass 231,850 Fingerlings
1987 Smallmouth bass 6,800 Fingerlings
1991 Smallmouth bass 10,641 Fingerlings
1991 Channel catfish 15,170 Fingerlings
1992 Channel catfish 59 Growouts
1995 Florida bass 100,000 Fingerlings
1996 Smallmouth bass 16,100 Fingerlings
1996 Smallmouth bass 3,900 Fingerlings
1996 Florida bass 51,420 Fingerlings
1996 Florida bass 48,880 Fingerlings
1996 Florida bass 100,300 Fingerlings
1997 Florida bass 109,950 Fingerlings
Table 2. Continued.
DATE SPECIES NUMBER SIZE
1997 Florida bass 100,090 Fingerlings
1998 Smallmouth bass 27,694 Fingerlings
1998 Florida bass 110,500 Fingerlings
1999 Smallmouth bass 20,085 Fingerlings
1999 Florida bass 327,191 Fingerlings
1999 Paddle fish 5,862 Fingerlings
2000 Paddle fish 20,568 Fingerlings
2001 Paddle fish 770 Fingerlings
2001 Threadfin shad 11,300 Adults
2002 C. Florida bass 678,403 Fingerlings
2004 C. Florida bass 234,537 Fingerlings
2005 Paddlefish 31,478 Fingerlings
2007 Paddlefish 2,029 Fingerlings
2010 Threadfin shad 39,252 Adults
2010 C. Florida bass 34,357 Fingerlings
Table 3. Lake Texoma Tournament Results. Ranking of lakes statewide from which 10 or more tournament reports were received. Ranked according
to quality fishing indicators. Lake Texoma ranking listed in parentheses.
Year
Number
of
Reports
Total
Number
Of
Anglers
Number
of
Bass
Caught
Number of Bass
Weighed In per
8-Hour Day
Bass/
Tourn
Bass
Weighed
In/Angler
Percent
Successful
Anglers
Average Weight
per Bass (lbs.)
Number of
Bass
Weighing In
Over 5 lbs.
Angler-Hours
per Bass
Weighing In
Over 5 lbs.
Number of
Bass
Weighing In
Over 8 lbs.
Avg. Big
Bass
Avg. 1st
Place Weight
(lbs.)
Overall
Rank
1994 19 659 1121 1.7 (# 5) 59.0 1.7 81 (# 1) 2.3 (# 14) 1.0 (#11) 0 6.8 15.8 (# 4) 4
1995 21 898 1320 1.1 (# 18) 62.9 1.5 79 (# 3) 2.25 (# 11) 0.9 (#18) 0 6.6 14.3 (# 5) 8
1996 25 1303 2048 1.4 (# 8) 81.9 1.6 79 (# 1) 2.05 (# 14) 1.5 (#14) 0 7.8 14.7 (# 4) 7
1997 26 1778 2335 0.9 (# 17) 89.8 1.3 69 (# 5) 2.34 (# 15) 1.8 (#15) 0.04 9.4 15.7 (# 3) 10
1998 26 1508 2177 1.0 (# 16) 83.7 1.4 76 (# 2) 2.17 (# 16) 1.0 (#16) 0 7.4 15.4 (# 2) 7
1999 31 2152 2177 0.9 (# 18) 70.2 1.0 72 (# 6) 2.14 (# 16) 0.9 (#17) 0.03 8.3 13.7 (# 9) 15
2000 16 667 856 1.2 (# 11) 53.5 1.3 82 (# 3) 2.15 (# 15) 0.9 (#14) 0.19 9.0 15.6 (# 6) 8
2001 13 427 547 1.0 (# 13) 42.1 1.3 76 (# 2) 2.08 (# 11) 0.2 (#18) 0 5.7 13.4 (# 4) 10
2002 18 870 820 0.7 (# 14) 45.6 0.9 70 (# 5) 2.00 (# 15) 0.4 (#16) 0 6.7 12.7 (# 3) 10
2003 21 1150 1771 1.4 (# 7) 84.3 1.5 75 (# 5) 2.18 (# 13) 0.7 (#20) 0 6.9 13.9 (# 4) 4
2004 24 1459 1826 1.0 (# 13) 76.1 1.3 71 (# 7) 2.03 (# 16) 0.8 (#20) 0.04 8.3 14.1 (# 5) 12
2005 30 1705 1831 1.4 (# 14) 61.0 1.1 71 (# 9) 2.18 (# 12) 0.5 (#21) 0 6.9 13.3 (# 6) 9
2006 28 1157 1749 1.9 (# 6) 62.5 1.5 76 (# 6) 2.07 (# 16) 0.4 (#16) 0 4.7 14.5 (# 4) 8
2007 20 575 1421 2.8 (# 6) 71.1 2.8 82 (# 4) 2.12 (# 15) 1.1 (#14) 0.1 5.2 15.8 (# 4) 6
2008 17 1082 1574 1.2 (#18) 92.0 1.2 72 (#8) 2.09 (#13) 0.8 (#18) 0 5.3 14.7 (#8) 18
2009 15 818 1711 1.8 (#7) 112 1.8 83 (#7) 2.13 (#14) 1.3 (#17) 0 5.6 16.4 (#11) 13
Avg 22 1138 1580 1.3 12 71.7 1.5 76 4.6 2.1 14 0.9 16.6 0.03 6.9 14.6 5.1 9.3
Table 4. Total number (No.), catch rates (C/f), and relative weights (Wr) by size groups of
largemouth bass collected by spring electrofishing from Lake Texoma. Numbers in parentheses
represent acceptable values for a quality fishery. Acceptable Wr values are >90.
Total <8 in. 8–12 in. >12 in. >14 in.
(>40) (15-45) (15-30) (>15) (>10)
Year No. C/f C/f Wr C/f Wr C/f Wr C/f Wr
1982 147 21.0 9.0 101 6.3 95 3.9 91 1.9 93
1983 338 22.9 8.5 100 7.2 98 7.2 90 2.8 90
1984 337 32.1 16.3 99 9.4 97 6.4 89 1.4 88
1985 320 26.1 7.5 90 11.7 85 6.9 92 2.6 83
1986 218 45.9 11.4 89 14.1 97 20.4 90 10.3 90
1987 189 29.8 6.9 95 13.1 102 9.8 91 5.3 95
1988 255 42.5 11.8 90 15.7 95 15.0 99 8.5 104
1989 279 58.7 5.1 91 33.9 101 19.8 101 10.9 103
1990 201 80.4 26.8 107 24.8 103 28.8 95 11.2 96
1991 275 84.6 5.2 111 37.8 94 41.5 96 24.6 96
1992 254 84.7 14.6 117 23.0 106 47.0 100 28.3 93
1993 279 69.8 8.5 94 17.8 102 43.5 98 25.0 98
1994 258 103.0 11.2 85 20.8 92 71.2 95 49.2 93
1996 257 114.0 21.3 94 24.4 94 68.4 97 55.1 97
1998 263 105.0 20.4 85 25.2 89 59.6 96 45.2 95
1999 248 76.3 4.9 98 13.8 98 57.6 91 38.2 92
2000 247 82.3 19.7 95 23.0 100 39.7 96 29.0 94
2002 235 78.3 17.3 89 22.7 90 38.3 91 19.3 90
2006* 366 61.0 13.5 112 26.3 100 21.2 90 10.0 88
2010 447 66.2 5.2 86 - - - - 38.8 92
* Denotes changed electrofishing protocol – Minimum of 6 hrs of effort required.
Table 5. Total number (No.), catch rates (C/f), and relative weights (Wr) by size groups of
spotted bass collected by spring electrofishing from Lake Texoma. Numbers in parentheses
represent acceptable values for a quality fishery. Acceptable Wr values are >90.
*2006 started a new minimum of 6 hours Electrofishing on Texoma Reservoir.
Total
(≥ 40)
< 8 inches
(15-45)
8-12 inches
(15-30)
≥ 14 inches
(≥ 10)
Year No. C/f C/f Wr C/f Wr C/f Wr
1987
26
4.2
2.4
86
1.1
78
-
-
1988
29
4.8
0.7
77
1.5
85
0.67
93
1989
44
9.3
5.3
89
1.9
82
0.63
121
1990
55
22.0
7.6
-
8.8
91
2.4
95
1991
71
21.8
6.5
75
12.3
85
0.9
96
1992
47
15.7
5.7
-
6.0
97
2.3
97
1993
118
29.5
3.5
97
8.0
89
5.3
92
1994
63
25.2
3.2
-
10.4
83
6.0
91
1996
60
26.7
0.9
91
2.7
90
11.5
94
1998
36
14.4
4.0
-
5.6
86
1.2
93
1999
46
14.2
1.8
109
4.9
94
1.8
89
2000
82
27.3
3.3
88
7.7
101
3.7
97
2002
154
51.3
12.3
95
18.0
97
6.7
86
2006*
86
14.3
4.5
111
5.2
100
1.3
89
2010
96
14.2
4.1
113
-
-
1.9
89
Table 6. Total number (No.), fish per net night (C/f), and relative weights (Wr) by size groups of
white bass collected by combined OK-TX winter gill netting from Lake Texoma.
Total < 8 in. 8 – 12 in. > 12 in.
Year No. C/f C/f Wr C/f Wr C/f Wr
1982 34 1.0 0.5 89 0.5 90 0.2 87
1983 73 3.6 0.5 92 1.4 93 1.7 90
1984 9 0.5 0.05 102 0.2 95 0.2 85
1985 39 1.9 0.2 72 0.5 76 1.4 83
1986 7 0.5 0.1 77 0.05 79 0.1 75
1987 17 1.0 0.1 83 0.2 86 0.5 83
1988 2 0.1 - - - - 0.1 73
1989 169 8.4 1.2 84 6.0 88 1.4 93
1990 6 0.2 0.05 89 0.2 111 0.05 78
1991 74 3.8 0.7 83 1.7 87 1.2 90
1992 98 5.0 0.2 59 2.4 85 2.6 86
*1993 257 9.8 1.2 - 3.6 - 5.0 -
1994 183 7.0 1.4 - 1.9 - 3.6 -
1995 97 3.8 0.2 - 1.9 - 1.4 -
1996 331 13.2 1.9 - 4.3 - 6.7 -
1997 79 2.9 0.1 - 1.7 - 1.2 -
1998 310 12.2 2.6 - 5.0 - 4.6 -
1999 65 2.4 0.5 - 1.2 - 0.7 -
2000 202 7.9 1.0 - 2.4 - 4.6 -
2001 72 2.9 1.0 - 1.2 - 0.7 -
2002 56 2.2 0.2 - 0.5 - 0.5 -
2003 152 5.5 1.7 - 1.9 - 1.9 -
2004 25 0.7 0.02 - 0.1 - 0.7 -
2005 135 5.0 0.7 - 3.8 - 0.5 -
2006 78 2.9 0.1 - 1.2 - 1.4 -
Table 6. Continued.
Total < 8 in. 8 – 12 in. > 12 in.
Year No. C/f C/f Wr C/f Wr C/f Wr
2007 123 4.6 0.5 - 3.1 - 1.0 -
2008 187 6.7 1.0 86 2.4 91 3.3 100
2009 158 5.4 1.3 84 1.9 87 2.2 97
2010 125 4.6 0.6 86 1.8 90 2.1 97
* Winter gill netting began in 1993.
Table 7. Total number (No.), fish per net night (C/f), and relative weights (Wr) by size groups of
striped bass collected by combined OK-TX winter gill netting from Lake Texoma.
Total < 12 in. 12 – 20 in. > 20 in.
Year No. C/f C/f Wr C/f Wr C/f Wr
1982 290 8.6 1.4 86 7.0 74 2.9 68
1983 211 10.6 5.8 93 4.6 91 0.5 85
1984 141 7.2 0.7 98 4.8 74 1.9 74
1985 152 7.7 1.2 71 4.8 83 1.7 78
1986 223 11.5 3.8 81 7.4 79 0.5 86
1987 102 5.0 2.2 85 2.9 85 0.1 85
1988 48 2.4 2.6 78 2.4 92 0.5 105
1989 244 12.2 8.6 79 3.1 85 0.5 71
1990 100 5.3 0.5 130 4.1 84 0.7 73
1991 320 16.1 6.5 82 8.9 88 0.7 79
1992 363 19.0 6.5 73 11.0 97 1.4 84
*1993 484 18.2 3.8 - 9.4 - 5.0 -
1994 569 21.6 3.4 - 13.7 - 4.6 -
1995 334 13.2 2.4 - 7.9 - 2.9 -
1996 374 14.9 3.4 - 7.9 - 3.6 -
1997 531 19.9 2.4 - 11.8 - 5.8 -
1998 580 23.0 7.9 - 11.0 - 4.1 -
1999 546 21.1 4.1 - 14.2 - 3.1 -
2000 567 22.3 3.1 - 15.1 - 4.1 -
2001 747 30.2 2.6 - 19.0 - 8.6 -
2002 580 21.8 3.4 - 16.6 - 2.2 -
2003 650 23.5 1.9 - 15.6 - 6.0 -
2004 732 24.0 1.4 - 18.0 - 7.0 -
2005 669 24.7 5.8 - 9.4 - 9.4 -
2006 758 28.3 5.8 - 15.4 - 7.2 -
Table 7. Continued.
Total < 12 in. 12 – 20 in. > 20 in.
Year No. C/f C/f Wr C/f Wr C/f Wr
2007 674 25.2 5.8 - 13.9 - 5.5 -
2008 597 21.6 2.9 88 12.8 - 5.9 98
2009 704 24.1 6.6 86 11.6 - 5.9 92
2010 580 20.3 1.0 84 - - 5.2 84
* Winter gill netting began in 1993.
Table 8. Mean length at age of blue catfish from Lake Texoma. Samples collected by summer
boat electrofishing during 2003.
Age Number Length (in)
1 30 6.8
2 21 10.0
3 23 12.4
4 42 14.6
5 32 15.8
6 35 17.3
7 19 18.1
8 47 19.5
9 26 21.1
10 17 23.0
11 18 22.6
12 11 26.7
13 4 37.6
14 1 27.4
15 3 31.7
16 4 36.7
Table 9. Total number (No.), and catch rate (C/f) by size groups of blue catfish collected by
summer boat electrofishing from Lake Texoma.
Total < 12 in. > 12 in. > 20 in. > 30 in.
Year No. C/f C/f C/f C/f C/f
1993 116 148.7 53.6 94.5 42.1 3.8
1994 261 261 77.0 184.0 46.0 4.0
1995 285 180 45.5 134.5 32.2 2.5
1999 660 330 76.5 253.5 40.0 6.5
2002 185 185 1.0 184.0 40.0 8.0
2003 450 225 44.2 180.8 32.5 3.0
2009* 483 322 295.3 26.7 8.7 2.7
* Denotes changed electrofishing protocol – Minimum of 1.5 hrs of effort required and sites
randomly selected within the upper 50% of the reservoir.
Table 10. Total number (No.), fish per net night (C/f), and relative weights (Wr) by size groups
of channel catfish collected by combined OK-TX winter gill netting from Lake Texoma.
Total < 12 in. > 12 in. > 16 in.
Year No. C/f C/f Wr C/f Wr C/f Wr
1982 69 2.2 0.7 91 1.2 91 0.7 95
1983 37 1.9 0.7 97 1.2 91 0.5 97
1984 39 1.9 0.7 88 1.2 89 0.5 98
1985 36 1.9 0.7 79 1.0 91 0.5 96
1986 34 1.7 1.0 72 0.7 78 0.1 96
1987 32 1.7 0.7 81 0.7 91 0.5 89
1988 30 1.7 0.7 79 1.0 84 0.5 85
1989 35 1.7 1.2 79 0.7 84 0.5 90
1990 23 1.2 0.7 96 0.5 79 0.2 85
1991 12 0.7 0.2 89 0.5 87 0.1 103
1992 23 1.2 0.7 81 0.5 92 0.2 93
*1993 48 1.9 0.7 - 1.0 - 0.5 -
1994 34 1.2 0.7 - 0.7 - 0.1 -
1995 64 2.6 1.7 - 1.0 - 0.2 -
1996 34 1.2 0.2 - 1.0 - 0.5 -
1997 22 0.7 0.5 - 0.5 - 0.1 -
1998 33 1.2 0.5 - 0.7 - 0.2 -
1999 53 1.9 1.7 - 1.7 - 0.7 -
2000 20 0.7 0.1 - 0.7 - 0.1 -
2001 67 2.6 1.4 - 1.2 - 0.5 -
2002 47 1.7 0.5 - 1.2 - 0.7 -
2003 58 2.2 1.2 - 0.7 - 0.5 -
2004 53 1.9 1.2 - 0.7 - 0.5 -
2005 50 1.7 0.7 - 1.2 - 0.2 -
Table 10. Continued.
Total < 12 in. > 12 in. > 16 in.
Year No. C/f C/f Wr C/f Wr C/f Wr
2006 58 2.2 1.2 - 1.2 - 0.5 -
2007 38 1.4 0.5 - 0.7 - 0.5 -
2008 63 2.3 0.8 82 1.5 88 1.1 89
2009 72 2.5 1.5 94 1.0 94 0.6 98
2010 38 1.3 0.5 93 0.8 88 0.3 93
* Winter gill netting began in 1993.
Table 11. Total number (No.), fish per net night (C/f), and relative weights (Wr) by size groups
of all crappie collected by trap netting from Lake Texoma. Numbers in parentheses represent
acceptable C/f values for a quality fishery.
Total <5 in. >5 in. >8 in. >10 in.
(>25) (>5) (10-40) (>10) (>4)
Year No. C/f C/f Wr C/f Wr C/f Wr C/f Wr
1992 94 8.4 1.8 60 6.2 99 5.0 101 1.6 100
1994 345 7.4 3.4 112 4.3 99 3.6 100 1.9 102
1995 192 7.3 0.5 86 6.7 93 6.2 95 3.5 97
1999 171 7.4 2.9 102 4.5 98 4.4 98 3.8 99
2001 184 7.2 4.6 75 2.6 91 2.2 96 1.7 98
Table 12. Mean length at age of crappie collected by trap netting from Lake Texoma. Numbers
in parentheses represent values for acceptable growth rates.
Age 1 Age 2 Age 3 Age 4
Year (> 6.3 in.) (> 7.9 in.) (> 8.9 in.) (> 9.8 in.)
1992 7.3 8.9 10.2 12.6
1994 8.7 11.5 12.4 12.8
1995 9.6 10.8 13.4 12.6
1998 8.2 10.2 11.1 12.6
1999 8.6 11.7 12.7 12.6
2001 6.8 10.7 12.7 -
Figure 1. Map of Lake Texoma and vicinity.
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
J F M A M J J A S O N D
Pool Elevation
Figure 2. Target elevations (solid line) and conservation pool (dotted line) for Lake Texoma.
Dates and elevations for seasonal pool plan.
Jan 1 – Elevation 617 and dropping to 615 feet msl
Feb 15 – Elevation 615 feet msl
May 1 – Raise elevation from 615 to 619 feet msl
June 1 – Elevation 619 feet msl
July 15 – Lower elevation from 619 to 616.5 feet msl
Sept 10 – Elevation 616.5 feet msl
Oct 1 – Raise elevation from 616.5 to 618.5 feet msl
Nov 1 – Elevation 618.5 feet msl
Dec 1 – Lower elevation from 618.5 to 617 feet msl
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006*
2007
2008
2009
2010
Year
Fish/hr
All LMB LMB > 14 Inches
Figure 3. Total catch rates of largemouth bass and catch rates of largemouth bass > 14 inches
collected by spring electrofishing. Solid horizontal line (65 fish/hr) and dotted horizontal line
(25 fish/hr) designate target levels for All LMB and LMB > 14 inches, respectively.
* Denotes changed electrofishing protocol – Minimum of 6 hrs of effort required.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Length (Inches)
Percent
2002: N = 235
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Length (Inches)
Percent
2006: N = 366
2010: N = 446
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Length (inches)
Percent
Figure 4. 2002, 2006, and 2010 length frequency distribution for largemouth bass collected by
spring electrofishing at Lake Texoma.
y = 7.5364Ln(x) + 5.5185
R2 = 0.9758
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Age
Length (in)
Data
Mean
Log. (Mean)
Age Mean N
Length
1 - -
2 10.2 12
3 13.7 4
4 17.1 3
5 17.8 3
6 19.0 6
7 20.2 5
8 20.5 2
Figure 5. 2010 Length at age data for largemouth bass collected from Lake Texoma by spring
electrofishing. N = 124
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006*
2007
2008
2009
2010
Year
Fish/hr
All SPB SPB > 14 Inches
Figure 6. Total catch rates of spotted bass and catch rates of spotted bass > 14 inches collected
by spring electrofishing.
* Denotes changed electrofishing protocol – Minimum of 6 hrs of effort required.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Length (Inches)
Percent
2002: N = 154
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Length (Inches)
Percent
2006: N = 86
2010: N = 94
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Length (inches)
Percent
Figure 7. 2002, 2006, and 2010 length frequency distribution for spotted bass collected by
spring electrofishing at Lake Texoma.
y = 4.2969Ln(x) + 6.704
R2 = 0.9666
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Age
Length (in)
Data
Mean
Log. (Mean)
Age Mean N
Length
1 - -
2 9.6 14
3 11.3 6
4 12.7 6
5 14.3 5
6 13.9 1
7 15.0 4
8 - -
Figure 8. 2010 Length at age data for spotted bass collected from Lake Texoma by spring
electrofishing. N = 36
2010: N = 49
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Length ( inches)
Percent
Figure 9. 2010 length frequency distribution for smallmouth bass collected by spring
electrofishing at Lake Texoma.
y = 7.5364Ln(x) + 5.5185
R2 = 0.9758
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Age
Length (in)
Data
Mean
Log. (Mean)
Age Mean N
Length
1 - -
2 10.2 12
3 13.7 4
4 17.1 3
5 17.8 3
6 19.0 6
7 20.2 5
8 20.5 2
Figure 10. 2010 Length at age data for smallmouth bass collected from Lake Texoma by spring
electrofishing. N = 35
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Year
Fish/net-night
All WHB WHB > 12 Inches
Figure 11. 1993 to 2010 catch rates for all white bass and white bass > 12 inches collected by
combined OK-TX winter gillnetting at Lake Texoma.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Length (Inches)
Percent
2008: N = 187
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Length (Inches)
Percent
2009: N = 158
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Length (Inches)
Percent
2010: N = 125
Figure 12. 2008 to 2010 length frequency distribution for white bass collected by combined OK-TX
winter gillnetting at Lake Texoma.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Year
Percent > 20 Inches
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
Catch Per Net-Night
Striped Bass Percent > 20 Inches Striped Bass Catch Per Net-Night
Figure 13. 1993 to 2010 catch per net-night and percent of catch > 20 inches for striped bass
collected by combined OK-TX winter gillnetting at Lake Texoma. The solid horizontal line (22
fish/net-night) and dotted horizontal line (20% > 20 inches) designate target levels.
0
5
10
15
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Length (Inches)
Percent
2008: N = 598
0
5
10
15
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Length (Inches)
Percent
2009: N = 673
0
5
10
15
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Length (Inches)
Percent
Figure 14. 2008 to 2010 length frequency distribution for striped bass collected by combined
OK-TX winter gillnetting at Lake Texoma.
2010: N = 580
y = 7.5233Ln(x) + 11.062
R2 = 0.975
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Age
Length (inches)
data
mean
Log. (mean)
Figure 15. 2008 Length at age data for striped bass collected by gillnetting at Lake Texoma.
N = 398.
0
1
2
3
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Year
Fish/net-night
All CCF CCF > 16 Inches
Figure 16. 1993 to 2010 catch rates for all channel catfish and channel catfish > 16 inches
collected by combined OK-TX winter gillnetting at Lake Texoma.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Length (Inches)
Percent
1999: N = 172
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Length (Inches)
Percent
2001: N = 184
Figure 17. 1999 to 2001 length frequency distribution for all crappie collected by trap netting at
Lake Texoma.