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THE DIVERSION OF CONTROLLED PHARMACEUTICALS: IS THERE A PROBLEM IN OKLAHOMA? Prepared for The Oklahoma State Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs Control by Thomas E. James, Jr. Brenda Rodriguez Science ,and Public Policy Program University of Oklahoma January 1990 THE DIVERSION OF CONTROLLED PHARMACEUTICALS: IS THEIR A PROBLEM IN OKLAHOMA? INTRODUCTION Drug abuse is a-major problem that has permeated all sectors of our society. Daily, the media reports accounts of the tragedies associated with the illegal sale and use of drugs. For the most part, the stories we read and hear about pertain to such things as the latest interdiction of an international cocaine or heroin shipment, a drug ring selling crack to high school students, a marijuana field discovered in the local countryside, or a prominent public figure exposed as a dealer and/or user. Increasingly, attention is being given to an element of the drug abuse problem that receives sUbstantially less public attention--the diversion and abuse of licitly manufactured controlled pharmaceuticals (prescription drugs). These diversions can result from illegal sales by dishonest health care providers, indiscriminate prescribing practices, prescription forgeries or alterations, theft, and "professional patient" schemes. According the Drug Enforcement Agency of the U.S. Department of Justice (1987): o Of the 1.5 billion prescriptions dispensed annually, several hundred million dosage units are diverted to illicit use; o The abuse of prescription drugs results in more injuries and deaths than all illegal drugs combined; The purpose of this report is to assess the degree to which the diversion of prescription drugs is a potential problem in Oklahoma. Specifically, the study will focus on Schedule II substances--those with an accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse, which could lead to severe psychic or physical dependence. In order to estimate the degree to which diversion of Schedule II substances might be a problem, data to document the flow of these drugs from supplier to dispenser to end user are required. Although data are available to document the amount of various Schedule II drugs delivered to authorized registrants in Oklahoma, information to track the distribution of these substances within the State is not readily available. However, a qualitative judgement about the potential for diversion can be developed based on the amount of Schedule II drugs delivered to registrants in Oklahoma compared to national and regional trends. That is, do Oklahomans consume more of these drugs per capita than the nation as a whole or other states in this region? In addition, consumption trends can be compared to states that have implemented a Multiple Copy Prescription (MCP) program. Nine states have implemented MCP programs in order to close the data gap with respect to final drug distribution and acquire the information necessary to control illegal diversion; several additional states are considering similar initiatives (see Appendix A). In general, MCP programs require that prescriptions for certain controlled substances be written on multiple copy, serially numbered, state-issued prescription forms. One copy is kept by the prescriber, one is maintained in the files of the dispenser, and one copy is forwarded by the dispenser to the 2 state authority responsible for controlled substances (e.g., Department of Public Safety or Bureau or Narcotics) . The data for this analysis were taken from the Diversion Analysis and Detection system (DADS) reports that are based on the Automation of Reports and Consolidated Orders System (ARCOS) data base prepared by the Drug Enforcement Agency of the U.S. Department of Justice. The following sections describe Oklahoma's per capita consumption of Schedule II substances from 1980-1988 and compare these trends to the national averages, the region, and MCP states. OKLAHOMA'S CONSUMPTION RANKINGS Oklahoma ranks among the leading states in the consumption of Schedule II drugs. In 1988, Oklahoma ranked among the top five states in per capita consumption (grams per 100,000 popUlation) of four Schedule II drugs: Amobarbital, 3rd; Methamphetamine, 4th; Dihydrocodeine, 4th; and Oxyrnorphone, 5th (see Table 1). Only five states (Alabama, Massachusetts, Vermont, Connecticut, Nevada) and the District of Columbia ranked in the top five on more drugs than Oklahoma1• Similarly, only five states (Ohio, Massachusetts, Vermont, connecticut, Nevada) and the District of Columbia had more drugs ranked in the top 10 in per capita consumption than did Oklahoma. In addition to the drugs mentioned above, Oklahoma's consumption of DL-Amphetamine Base ranked eighth nationally in 1988, while Oklahoma ranked ninth in consumption of Levorphanol and Meperidine. 3 TABLE 1: OKLAHOMA SCHEDULE II DRUG USE Rank and Grams/100,000 Population 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 STIMULANTS DL-AHPHETAMINE 13 12 13 10 12 9 5 10 8 BASE 375.899 215.908 193.481 200.118 161.161 139.547 189.466 118.111 105.421 METHAMPHETAMINE 12 13 8 7 5 6 4 7 4 83.873 65.171 91. 901 101.465 126.772 80.236 84.293 48.495 37.882 PHENMETRAZINE 12 10 13 8 7 9 13 11 11 BASE 808.699 739.537 565.500 533.489 545.142 288.022 212.757 161.831 70.53 Methylphenidate 29 32 31 42 43 41 45 44 43 343.404 282.511 361. 643 344.405 351. 409 292.911 407.152 437.404 433.454 DEPRESSANTS AMOBARBITAL 1 2 2 2 2 5 4 4 3 -l'- 982.667 749.058 714.353 547.387 454.496 267.242 287.467 242.184 185.706 Pentobarbital 21 28 24 18 20 26 27 28 29 2,815.043 2,340.836 2,996.878 3,201. 761 3,110.366 2,207.098 2,414.457 2,431.153 2,209.986 Secobarbital 26 28 30 32 28 . 33 36 29 38 1,328.382 1,025.381 978.955 815.764 755.605 481.811 438.719 379.833 228.924 NARCOTICS Cocaine 28 36 45 48 48 45 33 37 24 156.148 122.913 123.875 75.702 69.466 82.573 112.610 100.191 115.097 Codeine Base 13 6 12 17 12 16 16 17 24 14,989.000 15,714.932 17,314.026 16,536.377 19,315.205 14,497.428 16,830.098 15,943.093 12,056.62 DIHYDROCODElNE 1 2 2 3 3 2 4 4 4 970.809 901. 294 1,045.095 1,035.423 951.029 643.778 519.445 396.769 279.173 DIHYDROGODEINONE 16 . 11 12 12 8 12 12 13 18 254.565 310.300 387.344 534.508 685.778 585.659 889.484 913.939 741.464 OXYCODONE 18 17 17 18 14 18 18 19 21 590.828 595.076 7pO.413 769.760 947.868 743.224 1,032.064 1,038.866 892.099 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 Hydromorphonej 22 21 6 13 18 32 31 33 37 Dihydromorphinon 33.558 33.828 65.247 59.383 60.376 39.048 49.118 44.340 35.666 LEVORPHANOL 7 10 7 13 12 20 12 14 9 7.012 6.046 7.624 6.693 7.451 4.493 6.298 5.906 5.874 MEPERIDINE 7 4 6 7 4 5 4 5 9 (PETHIDINE) 4,477.515 3,786.416 5,196.89.3 4,994.542 5,189.195 3,780.502 4,534.121 4,246.768 3,460.058 Methadone 21 29 28 32 35 43 43 48 40 53.694 41.174 55.466 67.185 64.673 45.399 49.668 40.228 41. 447 Morphine 36 24 18 27 23 34 38 34 38 127.521 143.037 226.322 220.948 264.474 246.527 397.368 526.105 548.394 Nalorphine 27 8 20 41 48 18 42 41 31 .009 .017 .004 .009 .007 .005 .005 .002 .003 Opium Tincture 34 33 37 36 38 39 41 43 43 VI 115.476 98.307 100.698 89.449 96.370 61.714 60.668 55.730 40.778 Opium Powdered 30 25 28 30 36 41 41 39 42 28.021 27.416 30.255 26.929 21. 283 11.581 14.284 15.123 11.724 Mixed Alkaloids 20 28 23 26 23 23 14 19 18 of Opium 4.771 2.824 3.366 1.988 1. 912 1.239 2.873 1.660 1.163 OXYMORPHONE 2 5 2 2 4 4 6 4 5 3.336 2.956 2.920 2.153 2.401 1.429 1.330 1.311 1.153 Fentanyl 44 43 40 40 40 45 39 33 36 .375 .239 .466 .572 .577 .463 .765 .878 .692 Sufentanil 11 17 41 40 39 .016 .020 .024 .026 .032 Source: "Cumulative Quarterly Per-Capita Consumption of Drugs," Automated Records Consolidated Order System (ARCOS); from Annual Reports 1980-1988. Note: Oklahoma consistently ranked among the top 20 states in per-capita consumption for HIGHLIGHTED drugs. Oklahoma's high ranking on per capita consumption of some Schedule II drugs has been consistent throughout the decade of the 1980s. Between 1980 and 1988, Oklahoma ranked no lower than 5th in per capita consumption of Amobarbital; for five years, Oklahoma ranked either first or second. The State ranked no lower than fourth in per capita consumption of dihydrocodeine during this period and was among the top three states in consumption for six of those years. Each year from 1980 through 1988, Oklahoma ranked among the top 13 states for seven of the Schedule II drugs (DL-Amphetamine, Methamphetamine, Phenmetrazine, Amobarbital, Dihydrocodeine, Meperidine, and Oxymorphone). During this period, Oklahoma's consumption per capita ranked among the top 21 states for 10 of the Schedule II drugs (Dihydrocodeinone, Oxycodone, and. Levorphanol in addition to the seven just mentioned). Although the per capita consumption of some of the higher r~nking drugs has decreased, Oklahoma's ranking compared to other states has increased. For example, in 1980 375.9 grams/100,000 of DL-Amphetamine Base were delivered to registrants in Oklahoma. This decreased to 105.4 grams/100,OOO population in 1988. However, Oklahoma's rank compared to other states increased from thirteenth to eighth. Thus, while the State followed the general national trend of decreased use, its rate of decrease was not as .great as some of the other high use states. A similar pattern is evident with Methamphetamine--grams/100,000 population decreased 6 from 83.9 in 1980 to 37.9 in 1988 but Oklahoma's ranking increased from twelfth to fourth. In other cases, Oklahoma's per capita consumption of high ranking drugs decreased, the state's ranking relative to other states also decreased, but Oklahoma remains among the highest ranking states in per capita consumption. Consumption of Amobarbital decreased from 982.7 grams/100,000 population in 1980 to 185.7 in 1988; however, Oklahoma's ranking only dropped from first to third. Dihydrocodeine consumption dropped from 970.8 grams/100,000 population in 1980 to 279.2 in 1988, but Oklahoma still ranked fourth in 1988, compared to first in 19802. OKLAHOMA COMPARED TO U.S. AVERAGE, REGION, AND MCP STATES Appendix B contains data and displays for the ten drugs for which Oklahoma ranked consistently high in per capita use during the 1980s (DL-Amphetamine Base, Methamphetamine, Phenmetrazine, Amobarbital, Dihydrocodeine, Dihydrocodeinone, Oxycodone, Levorphanol, Meperidine, Oxymorphone). Each table (one per drug) includes the average consumption per capita for the U.S., the region3, and MCP states4, as well as the values for Oklahoma and the individual region and MCP states. Two figures (line graphs) follow each table. Both figures include Oklahoma and the U.S. average. The first figure also depicts the average values for .the region and the MCP states; the second includes values for two individual MCP states--Illinois and New York. These two states 7 have well-developed programs with a substantial history of operation. Although deviations may exist in a particular year or for a particular drug, in general, the trends in per capita consumption for the 10 drugs displayed reflect decreasing consumption from 1980 to 1988. This pattern is evident for Oklahoma, as well as the nation, the region, and the MCP states. Per capita consumption in Oklahoma always is greater than the average consumption for the nation as a whole, the region, and the MCP states. This is not unexpected gi~en that Oklahoma has consistently ranked high on per capita consumption of these 10 drugs. However, it is interesting to note that, in most instances, the average per capita consumption of the MCP states, as well as the individual examples of Illinois and New York, is below the u.s. average and the region average.5 Some states without MCP programs do rank lower in per capita consumption compared to the MCP states. Nevertheless, average per capita consumption in states with MCP programs is consistently lower than the U.S. average even though some of the states which are frequently mentioned as having significant drug problems are included (e.g., New York, California, Illinois). Further, the values for the MCP states are included in the calculation of the national average~ If these states were not included, the difference in per capita consumption between the MCP states and the national average would be even greater.6 8 CONCLUSION The data presented in this report indicate that Oklahoma does have reason for concern with respect to the potential diversion of Schedule II prescription drugs. Over the nine year period from 1980-1988, the State ranked among the top 21 states for almost half of the Schedule II drugs. In 1988, Oklahoma ranked among the top five states in per capita consumption of four drugs and among the top ten for seven drugs. The significance of this is highlighted when one considers that only five other states and the District of Columbia ranked higher on more drugs than Oklahoma. Two of those states (connecticut and Massachusetts) and the District of Columbia are considering a MCP program. Although the general trend in Oklahoma, as well as in the region and the nation as a whole, reflects decreased per capita consumption of many of the Schedule II drugs, Oklahoma continues to be among the highest ranking states in the use of a substantial number of the substances. 9 NOTES 1. Calculated from the ARCOS data 1988. 2. For many of the drugs for which Oklahoma has not ranked among leading consuming states (e.g., Methylphenidate, Secobarbital, Methadone, Morphine, Opium Tincture), its ranking moved even lower from 1980 to 1988. 3. Included in the Region Average are Arkansas, Kansas, Louisiana, Missouri, and Nebraska. These are states bordering Oklahoma that are similar in culture and economy. 4. Included in the MCP States Average are California, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, New York, Rhode Island, and Texas. The MCP program in Texas was implemented in January, 1982 and data from Texas are not included in the MCP average for 1980 and 1981. The programs in Michigan and Indiana were not scheduled to go into operation until 1989; consequently, they are not included in the calculation of the MCP average. 5. In some cases, the MCP states average or the value for Illinois or New York are not lower than the U.S. average or the region average; see the displays for Dihydrocodeinone, Levorphanol, and Oxymophone. 6. This analysis is not meant to imply that the MCP programs that exist in some states are the only causal factor responsible for reductions in consumption of Schedule II drugs in those states. Other factors such as regional and national trends and changes in health care practices (e.g., decreasing use of amphetamines for the treatment of obesity) also must be taken into consideration. Although trends and changes in practice that are widespread affect both MCP and non-MCP states, MCP states generally have lower consumption per capita than the national average. 10 REFERENCES U.S. Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration. 1987. Multiple Copy Prescription Programs Resource Guide. Washington DC: The Department. ______ , Office of Diversion Control. Automation of Reports and Consolidated Orders System, DADS Quarterly Reports, Fourth Quarter. 1980-1988. Washington DC: The Department. 11 APPENDIX A: MULTIPLE COpy PRESCRIPTION STATES Appendix A: Multiple Copy Prescription states New York has the oldest multiple copy prescription program (1913). The current triplicate prescription program was initiated under the Controlled Substances Act of 1972 and was implemented in 1977. California multiple copy system has existed since 1940 in various forms. Hawaii passed implemented a duplicate prescription program in 1943 and retained it under the Uniform Controlled Substances Act in 1972. Illinois implemented an MCP program in 1961. Idaho incorporated a triplicate prescription program into their narcotics and dangerous drug law in 1972. Rhode Island has required pharmacies to report specific information to the state narcotics board since 1939 and implemented a duplicate prescription program in 1978. Texas implemented a triplicate prescription program January 1, 1982. Indiana implemented a triplicate prescription program July 31, 1989. Michigan implemented a triplicate prescription program August 1, 1989. other states considering implementation of a Multiple Copy Prescription program include: Connecticut, District of Columbia, Florida, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, West Virginia, and Washington. APPENDIX B: PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION OF SCHEDULE II DRUGS: Dl-Amphetamine Base % Change 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 80-88 U.S. NATIONAL AVERAGE 287.375 146.552 153.243 137.382 123.140 90.549 102.861 88.261 69.505 -75.814 Standard Deviation 229.388 102.708 114.026 100.668 101.434 73.233 83.755 55.097 38.714 -83.123 Region Average 256.386 139.805 124.403 103.130 81.276 58.882 75.808 60.911 58.166 -n.313 Region St. Dev. 140.205 75.479 65.597 51.337 47.860 35.525 47.779 52.948 40.276 -71.273 MCP Average 297.461 104.580 123.169 99.763 94.734 69.849 81.369 75.040 61.717 -79.252 MCP St. Dev. 148.069 58.436 46.130 57.038 30.618 22.847 32.360 30.569 23.696 -83.996 REGION NON-MCP STATES Oklahoma 375.899 215.909 193.481 200.118 161.161 139.547 189.466 118.111 105.421 -71.955 Arkansas 26.322 19.934 30.008 32.886 30.271 21.823 28.514 24.921 21.261 -19.227 Kansas 247.483 150.255 117.774 100.556 65.036 37.405 46.545 45.353 38.302 -84.523 louisiana 346.n2 161.233 148.362 109.925 71.849 51.319 63.970 57.201 45.495 -86.880 Missouri 444.848 253.360 230.080 190.964 172.336 125.352 166.233 162.497 136.376 -69.343 Nebraska 216.503 114.242 95.791 81.318 66.886 58.509 73.780 14.581 49.395 -n .185 MCP STATES Cal ifornia 563.833 161.041 179.078 181.858 117.131 82.574 102.316 96.616 82.731 -85.327 Hawai i 160.693 50.873 54.383 52.328 47.693 35.706 38.344 31.672 26.899 -83.261 Idaho 170.931 81.840 92.427 73.407 86.258 70.293 81..668 79.884 69.476 -59.354 Illinois 208.912 119.668 135.358 138.824 106.459 83.255 84.252 74.067 62.809 -69.935 New York 255.396 24.384 n.061 71.394 62.972 47.666 56.937 54.266 45.395 -82.226 Rhode Island 425.002 189.671 182.093 160.120 145.980 109.337 144.843 133.055 101.702 -76.070 Texas 427.003 242.343 141.786 120.174 96.645 60.113 61.221 55.722 43.006 -89.928 Indiana 483.303 298.nO 261.649 203.953 206.326 153.326 183.648 181.572 71.222 -85.263 Michigan 373.819 226.163 202.692 194.388 200.004 110.466 58.842 52.378 50.929 -86.376 DL-AMPHETAMINE BASE GRAMS/100,000 400 100 300 200 O+-----~----~----~----~----~----~------~--~ 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1986 1988 YEAR 1987 1988 '''eseriNe,!,'? 5 -W 'WWH,*tttt'dW't1 ?W -OKLAHOMA --+- US AVB . ---.- REBION NIB SOURCE:U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE, DEA DL-AMPHETAMINE BASE GRAU8/100,000 400 100 300 200 -~-I~ / O+-----~----~----~----~----~------~----~--~ 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1986 YEAR 1988 1987 1988 - OKLAHOMA -+- US NIB· --*- ILLINOIS -a- NEW YORK "I 'W-MtitlMW1M§WMWlfMM hE ''M'M'twkM¥WUWN'M@ 'lft$seMVMI¥5'MWWI SOURCE: U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE, DEA Methamphetamine % Change 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 80-88 U_S. NATIONAL AVERAGE 58.979 52.174 58.538 53.462 45.919 26.772 26.737 18.580 12.404 -78.969 Standard Deviation 66.070 81.091 96.909 88.824 69.355 35.312 37.427 19.835 12.762 -80.684 Region Average 70.886 63.825 70.763 53.928 30.448 18.600 23.032 17.953 11.295 -84.065 Region St. Dev. 56.671 52.683 67.006 47.917 18.184 11.704 16.012 11.546 6.246 -88.979 MCP Average 48.871 28.202 32.661 23.627 23.400 14.749 15.282 12.907 9.888 -79.768 MCP St. Dev. 22.221 8.251 14.549 9.292 14.058 8.472 7.616 7.148 5.474 -75.368 REGION NON-MCP STATES Oklahoma 83.873 65.171 91.901 101.465 126.772 80.236 84.293 48.495 37.882 -54.834 Arkansas 5.045 3.217 6.346 5.766 4.465 2.806 4.037 2.498 1.899 -62.359 Kansas 41.188 38.459 35.372 30_194 18_655 6.939 8.142 8.673 7.038 -82.912 Louisiana 172.934 159.488 199.115 145.585 58.605 31.307 47.498 34.754 19.273 -88.855 Missouri 81.883 72.440 65.580 44.683 35.281 22.147 22.429 18.191 12.028 -85.311 Nebraska 53.379 45.522 47.403 43.410 35.232 29.801 33.054 25.647 16.239 -69.578 MCP STATES Cal ifornia 89.397 29.330 32.550 24.762 21.890 14.814 15.638 14.581 10.883 -87.826 Hawaii 53.531 31.981 39.810 21.363 22.695 11.642 12.338 11.023 6.536 -87.790 Idaho 50.402 43.207 47.358 39.036 54.105 33.842 32.758 29.145 22.361 -55.635 Illinois 18.231 16.715 16.800 15.890 11.819 8.787 11.353 10.198 8.676 -52.411 New York 51.516 24.384 12.049 11.740 8.368 6.272 6.961 5:594 4.011 -92.214 Rhode Island 30.149 23.593 25.376 17.780 16.295 10.819 12.615 7.811 7.561 -74.921 Texas 96.822 101.649 54.684 34.816 28.628 17.065 15.314 11.999 9.186 -90.512 Indiana 112.360 84.131 114.907 93.542 63.718 37.291 62.129 48.785 16.489 -85.325 Michigan 356.665 541.254 648.802 575.702 347.978 55.139 1.457 1.112 0.861 -99.759 140 120 100 DL-METHAMPHETAMI IE GRAMS/100.000 80 80 40 20 O+-----~----~----~----~----~----~------~--~ 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1986 1988· 1987 YEAR 1988 I - OKLAHOMA -j-- US NlQ -*- REQION NlQ . --E!-- MOP NlQl g'e·, *fM&t*"iLitiW1i'ASVMWtvW''''·'.f.liMd "'M;,eweeWMS4iMMwmW"Mteel%@"Yt%MfSf SOURCE: U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE, DEA 140 120 100 DL-METHAMPHETAMINE GRAMS/100,000 80 60 - 40 ~. +-----+----- 20r-~~~===*~~~~~~==~~~ O~----~----~----~----~~----~----~----~----~ 1980 1981 1983 1984 1985 YEAR 1982 1986 1987 1988 I - OKLAHOMA -+- US ING --a-- ILLINOIS -*- NEW YORK I FW,·WMMf1*Mawwuapwr_.-i_ '_*wsee, ;,nl'* ',5 **§', SOURCE: U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE, DEA Phervnetrazine % Change 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 80-88 u.s. NATIONAL AVERAGE 591. 102 461.083 366.072 304.906 230.693 143.739 148.139 99.418 56.635 -90.419 Standard Deviation 532.468 471.310 344.751 318.449 245.945 191.453 217.974 134.311 86.821 -83.695 Region Average 726.745 577.404 411.710 262.119 155.952 71.749 60.814 47.039 33.392 -95.405 Region St. Dev. 482.880 306.968 200.957 134.274 81.693 48.127 59.157 49.190 34.983 -92.755 MCP Average 529.349 396.739 295.335 254.018 198.000 110.768 96.304 64.530 32.658 -93.831 MCP St. Dev. 381.191 283.555 215.845 227.047 169.618 91.573 .73.756 49.230 23.929 -93.723 REGION NON-MCP STATES Oklahoma 808.699 739.537 565.500 533.489 545.142 288.077 212.757 161.831 70.353 -91.300 Arkansas 27.211 24.944 13.787 7.438 10.612 4.678 6.098 5.826 5.561 -79.563 Kansas 888.524 755.779 519.911 402.591 238.150 77.650 9.185 6.124 5.868 -99.340 louisiana '. 1501.413 833.148 ~-';559.016 312.357 144.563 59.157 71.192 55.904 42.381 -97.177 Missouri 503.004 460.918 486.684 316.275 157.294 62.975 49.105 29.065 15.154 -96.987 Nebraska 713.575 812.231 479.150 271.932 229.142 154.286 168.488 138.276 97.994 -86.267 MCP STATES California 1351.494 1019.545 757.433 772.204 574.017 303.895 246.098 162.015 69.459 -94.861 Hawaii 391.494 236.787 154.922 173.186 133.864 73.241 46.699 32.330 15.566 -96.024 Idaho 375.602 198.564 163.200 122.345 121.247 62.764 55.307 36.664 14.914 -96.029 Illinois 543.708 324.936 290.867 264.393 222.713 146.844 140.575 108.944 67.982 -87.497 New York 304.913 245.898 32.667 26.289 20.585 11.423 12.510 9~646 5.366 -98.240 Rhode Island 208.883 354.706 292.961 130.497 71.598 35.995 52.376 38.797 29.098 -86.070 Texas 959.016 642.220 375.294 289.209 241.976 141.212 120.566 63.311 26.222 -97.266 Indiana 844.168 676.512 649.848 518.904 344.866 259.697 344.402 234.994 84.139 -90.033 Michigan 3395.183 3052.444 1794.973 1603.413 966.581 . 121.303 3.610 0.685 0.891 -99.974 1000 800 600 400 200 PHENMETRAZINE GRAMS/100,000 .,, 04-----~----~----~----~----~----~~----~--~ 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 YEAR 1988 SOURCE: U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE, DEA 1000 PHENMETRAZINE GRAMS/100.000 800-,--- 600 400 200 O~--~----~====~==~~~~====#===~~===@ 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1986 1986 1987 1988 YEAR -OKLAHOMA -+- US AVa f4tl SOURCE: U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE. DEA Amobarbi tal % Change 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 80-88 u.s. NATIONAL AVERAGE 344.649 265.524 260.064 224.333 190.603 133.767 136.076 110.217 82.487 -76.066 Standard Deviation 209.263 164.025 154.635 124.371 103.644 73.129 76.683 64.487 47.865 -n.127 Region Average 459.300 365.574 345.169 271.351 208.639 152.043 166.374 136.814 95.171 -79.279 Region St. Dev. 269.438 220.742 204.143 160.394 133.811 100.721 110.990 96.971 66.191 -75.434 MCP Average 276.678 194.396 199.278 154.323 125.791 84.574 88.385 78.465 58.568 -78.832 MCP St. Dev. 130.264 101.329 88.042 69.678 48.712 34.532 ·33.792 34.740 25.012 -80.799 REGION NON-MCP STATES Oklahoma 982.667 749.058 714.353 547.387 454.496 267.242 287.467 242.184 185.706 -81.102 Arkansas 237.469 128.053 130.780 114.862 102.666 64.903 65.731 47.371 32.089 -86.487 Kansas 618.510 427.151 390.688 276.694 241.669 153.787 140.223 121.939 74.198 -88.004 louisiana 247.844 226.619 201.757 164.152 101.952 72.n6 82.025 64.210 47.408 -80.872 Missouri 917.395 762.332 714.630 572.645 456.0n 342.279 375.327 319.810 218.166 -76.219 Nebraska 275.284 283.713 287.990 228.403 140.832 126.469 168.564 130.740 103.994 -62.223 MCP STATES California 329.002 197.529 234.000 179.643 167.799 115.742 114.210 107.995 74.533 -n.346 Hawaii 68.132 50.5n 69.156 50.6n 51.904 36.526 41.333 23.n9 18.3n -73.027 Idaho 123.762 95.628 99.618 79.1n 70.613 41.640 56.348 50.868 45.952 -62.871 Illinois 369.039 316.013 292.837 265.835 182.226 129.306 143.659 128.601 100.380 -72.800 New York 375.nl 184.674 201.942 166.007 145.575 98.812 100.810 92~922 68.982 -81.643 Rhode Island 394.363 321.955 327.898 213.761 167.998 107.579 100.817 95.252 64.569 -83.627 Texas 2n.809 213.709 169.497 125.160 94.425 62.413 61.515 49.840 37.184 -86.615 Indiana 358.082 259.446 252.733 189.142 178.718 125.4n 119.883 100.299 91.838 -74.353 Michigan 825.851 670.607 661.456 537.854 430.536 280.146 287.435 231.247 173.508 -78.990 AMOBARBITAL 1000 GRAM8/100,000 200 800 800 400 o~----~----~----~----~----~----~----~----~ 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1986 1988 1987 1988 YEAR I - OKLAHOMA -+- US mG -l¥- REGIONmG --e- MCP mG -. t1 Ii 'wwmWMM'W'Mtn" 'id ,&••. *1&.'# MWWWWMWRMI SOURCE: U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE, DEA 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 AMOBARBITAL GRAMS/100,OOO O~----~----~----~----~----~----~~----~--~ 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 YEARS 1987 1988 [=-OKLAHOMA --+-- US Ava· -B-ILLINOIS SOURCE: U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE, DEA Dihydrocodeine % Change 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 80-88 U_S_ NATIONAL AVERAGE 304_725 282.351 338.589 353.081 330.001 217.513 206.517 165.156 117.090 -61.575 Standard Deviation 215.782 207.299 249.530 257.136 237.746 161.484 143.119 114.081 85.302 -60.468 Region Average 518.430 501.494 552.628 579.836 498.152 344.785 327.895 262.269 191.462 -63.069 Region St. Dev. 275.583 274.473 326.307 329.942 294.766 213.647 182.178 138.530 109.775 -60.166 MCP Average 228.510 149.994 308.253 322.866 325.975 200.649 195.729 159.743 113.216 -50.455 MCP St. Dev. 245.589 90.034 305.310 317.314 292.373 181.210 161.844 131.582 92.189 -62.462 REGION NON-MCP STATES Oklahoma 970.809 901.294 1045.095 1035.423 951.029 643.778 519.445 396.769 279.173 -71.243 Arkansas 961.377 938.177 1081.036 1110.319 998.003 708.368 645.092 517.414 398.615 -58.537 Kansas 318.319 288.878 321.957 318.699 278.042 177.207 187.207 150.804 105.747 -66.780 Louisiana 723.191 713.416 790.426 827.198 675.750 470.741 421.444 301.353 206.506 -71.445 Missouri 268.318 263.185 287.013 318.253 272.339 172.509 180.215 160.866 108.165 -59.688 Nebraska 320.945 303.816 282.707 324.710 266.627 195.098 205.518 180.909 138.276 -56.916 MCP STATES Cal if orn ie 228.698 218.853 320.861 321.215 330.666 208.747 206.333 176.236 123.798 -45.868 Hawaii 6.792 5.437 13.876 14.959 9.319 7.299 7.090 5.552 8.122 19.582 Idaho 752.152 271.788 399.095 374.198 472.733 298.861 302.760 252.794 174.897 -76.747 IIIinois 198.160 179.519 216.642 225.032 187.937 118.657 133.613 117.091 86.408 -56.395 New York 111.023 159.264 149.686 152.555 146.104 95.005 93.725 71.865 49.654 -55.276 Rhode Island 74.235 65.100 66.959 122.230 174.828 85.838 96.157 68.997 47.967 -35.385 Texas 685.797 674.892 990.654 1049.873 960.238 590.134 530.428 425.666 301.668 -56.012 Indiana 438.613 509.775 545.027 539.063 447.889 275.278 297.515 238.755 184.607 -57.911 Michigan 276.524 274.671 280.988 253.612 232.298 147.887 158.050 125.590 94.015 -66.001 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 DIHYDROCODEINE GRAMS/100,000 O+-----~----~----~----~----~----~----~----~ 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 YEAR 1987 1988 SOURCE: U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE, DEA .: DIHYDROCODEINE GRAMS/100,000 1200 600 O+-----~----~----~----~----~------~----~--~ 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 YEAR 1988 1000 800 400 I-OKLAHOMA '"PMIhd *8'*6; -'•• --+-- US Ava -B-ILLINOIS --*- NEW YORKI SOURCE: U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE, DEA Dihydrocodeinone % Change 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 80-88 u.s. NATIONAL AVERAGE 210.685 234.629 292.626 414.840 495.771 490.943 682.043 700.078 624.273 196.306 Standard Deviation 81.179 94.185 137.982 197.025 239.478 257.635 352.950 396.154 409.080 403.923 Region Average 224.872 286.278 344.926 519.173 583.950 561.979 814.613 850.520 720.718 220.501 Region St. Dev. 61.883 92.550 160.161 213.251 249.490 211.581 341.928 356.477 356.208 475.611 MCP Average 223.664 235.337 329.569 432.467 542.506 544.221 747.218 823.134 737.446 229.711 MCP St. Dev. 87.855 80.683 104.902 183.156 239.824 212.723 306.108 323.246 339.385 286.299 REGION NON-MCP STATES Oklahoma 254.565 310.300 387.344 534.508 685.778 585.659 889.484 913.939 747.464 193.624 Arkansas 276.782 312.176 481.790 738.659 890.630 815.314 1163.711 1177.338 1092.309 294.646 Kansas 176.416 177.953 192.003 296.753 346.571 316.750 446.419 482.903 389.254 120.646 Louisiana 318.826 448.587 589.621 810.948 882.263 814.380 1285.746 1370.386 1210.459 279.661 Missouri 192.503 267.408 238.560 412.753 446.328 462.381 627.345 675.850 511.676 165.802 Nebraska 159.833 225.265 222.654 336.751 353.960 401.070 549.846 546.125 399.892 150.194 MCP STATES Cal iforrrie 206.374 245.697 335.275 407.644 544.188 553.087 757.333 986.606 1068.707 417.850 Hawaii 117.858 124.662 149.039 234.940 380.528 557.275 564.967 704.127 353.460 199.903 Idaho 399.091 374.040 398.900 435.836 577.456 571.988 821.388 926.364 962.037 141.057 Illinois 171.638 201.274 268.287 314.499 272.755 263.289 398.155 440.499 436.959 154.582 New York 197.664 177.075 252.063 242.994 276.333 257.949 364.496 340.440 302.958 53.269 Rhode Island 249.361 289.274 450.860 753.995 792.841 700.635 1114.492 1035.379 844.311 238.590 Texas 255.804 320.188 452.556 637.363 953.440 905.327 1209.694 1328.526 1193.693 366.644 Indiana 222.615 292.042 325.711 463.511 516.089 514.879 790.674 781.363 766.861 244.479 Michigan 180.527 273.739 209.967 345.221 406.414 . 381.933 595.863 596.352 379.932 110.457 1000 800 600 400 200 DIHYDROCODEINONE GRAMS/100,OOO O~----~----~----~----~----~----~----~-----' 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1986 1986 1987 1988 YEAR I-OKLAHOMA SOURCE: U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE, DEA DIHYDROCODEINONE GRAMS/100,OOO 1000 800 800 400 2001lt:::=----===1fi-- +- O~----~----~----~----~----~----~----~----~ 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1986 1988 1987 1988 YEAR -f--. us NIB ---+- ILLINOISm -a- NEWYOR~} I-OKLAHOMA 5 SOURCE: U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE, DEA Oxycodone % Change 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 80-88 U.S. NATIONAL AVERAGE 530.288 503.687 651.565 697.569 765.m 668.733 898.329 916.604 844.137 59.185 Standard Deviation 217.182 206.875 288.792 294.307 332.807 284.823 374.509 384.111 357.686 64.694 Region Average 436.527 440.808 528.616 537.746 541.765 474.030 670.546 693.853 640.234 46.665 Region St. Oev. 122.594 142.829 164.684 149.364 112.647 94.316 138.966 107.554 100.178 -18.285 MCP Average 376.126 349.675 416.764 440.277 474.824 406.123 510.864 523.173 474.756 26.223 MCP St. Dev. 123.553 118.008 137.592 165.753 177.129 166.751 215.490 237.014 227.723 84.313 REGION NON-MCP STATES Oklahoma 590.828 595.076 760.413 769.760 947.868 743.224 1032.064 1038.866 892.099 50.991 Arkansas 255.011 245.648 307.740 336.522 381.643 334.895 487.832 559.689 519.819 103.842 Kansas 361.059 360.507 428.124 434.004 452.430 389.148 539.120 615.845 561.000 55.376 Louisiana 620.459 675.420 803.465 779.142 701.864 576.669 867.878 857.236 791.048 27.494 Missouri 474.486 433.059 544.975 570.624 596.513 532.175 737.256 772.425 716.916 51.093 Nebraska 471.620 489.405 558.774 568.436 576.374 537.264 720.646 664.071 612.388 29.848 MCP STATES California 397.524 379.158 490.022 479.122 510.018 403.187 528.509 525.697 471.588 18.631 Hawaii 485.683 391.453 532.594 651.959 697.203 676.992 817.557 840.768 812.113 67.211 Idaho 346.059 319.968 368.465 350.938 440.618 398.805 464.353 497.668 442.732 27.935 Illinois 147.436 139.405 160.684 176.056 165.675 152.588 187.254 177.048 162.516 10.228 New York 345.792 330.080 417.512 449.188 476.169 387.934 514.059 505;178 439.059 26.972 Rhode Island 534.264 537.986 614.155 665.799 702.273 579.808 780.025 848.756 769.988 44.121 Texas 518.672 484.091 333.915 308.879 331.809 243.548 284.291 267.099 225.297 -56.563 Indiana 358.978 349.489 463.522 494.974 523.993 485.557 684.912 693.530 668.555 86.238 Michigan 438.949 465.743 576.551 580.696 591.036 461.887 641.489 664.864 621.613 41.614 1200 1000 800 OXYCODONE GRAMS/100,000 800...-.-•••.. 400 Lp"----o- 200 O~----~----~----~----~----~----~----~--~ 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1986 1988 1987 1988 YEAR I-OKLAHOMA -f- us Ava· ~ REalON Ava eew'ee. SOURCE: U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE, DEA 1200 OXYCODONE GRAMS/100,000 1000 ·d 800 800-.---~ 400 o~----~----~----~----~----~----~----~--~ 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1986 1988 1987 1988 YEAR SOURCE: U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE, DEA levorphanol % Change 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 80-88 U_S. NATIONAL AVERAGE 3.649 3.341 4.313 4.927 5.163 4.532 4.915 4.199 3.188 -12.634 Standard Deviation 2.935 2.537 3.373 3.965 4.335 3.768 3.597 2.890 2.394 -18.433 Region Average 2.719 3.003 3.385 3.743 3.813 3.775 5.112 4.132 3.498 28.617 Region St. Dev. 1.836 2.304 2.189 2.539 3.167 3.401 3.938 2.530 2.786 51.749 MCP Average 3.755 3.666 4.185 4.585 5.573 4.617 4.662 4.194 3.369 -10.275 MCP St. Dev. 3.089 2.683 2.651 3.105 2.891 2.800 2.760 2.466 2.400 -22.309 REGION NON-MCP STATES Oklahoma 7.012 6.046 7.624 6.693 7.451 4.493 6.298 5.906 5.874 -16.229 Arkansas 3.011 3.261 4.076 4.374 3.350 2.787 5.164 6.714 6.313 109.665 Kansas 1.073 1.341 1.520 1.523 2.671 3.304 4.495 3.848 1.839 71.389 louisiana 0.926 1.012 1.398 1.555 1.439 0.881 1.023 0.854 0.822 -11.231 Missouri 2.578 2.056 2.613 2.896 1.616 1.548 2.459 1.974 1.109 -56.982 Nebraska 6.009 7.344 7.317 8.369 9.990 10.355 12.419 7.272 7.405 23.232 MCP STATES Cal Hornia 2.225 2.386 3.427 3.258 4.533 2.532 2.841 2.711 2.575 15.730 Hawai i 1.720 2.085 2.104 2.970 7.471 8.013 5.730 6.649 4.598 167.326 Idaho 3.570 3.022 4.148 2.023 3.532 2.387 2.799 2.895 0.702 -80.336 Illinois 4.662 5.207 6.569 8.922 8.048 6.992 8.184 6.952 7.060 51.437 New York 9.964 8.790 9.181 9.558 9.922 7.833 8.631 7.006 6.000 -39.783 Rhode Island 0.387 0.504 0.612 0.985 0.665 0.393 0.590 0.270 0.290 -25.065 Texas 4.374 4.418 3.253 4.376 4.843 4.167 3.857 2.874 2.357 -46.113 Indiana 0.919 1.050 1.054 1.325 1.697 2.207 2.940 2.366 1.802 96.083 Michigan 4.004 3.982 5.312 5.007 5.205 4.082 3.427 3.885 2.597 -35.140 LEVORPHANOL 8 /' GRAMS/100,OOO i 8 4ll±:::- __ ~ 2 O~----~----~------~----~----~----~------~--~ 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1986 YEAR 1988· 1987 1988 I - OKLAHOMA* -;-~!.:!--.R-E.GION oW-=-.:-- M~::..-::J SOURCE: U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE, DEA / . LEVORPHANOL GRAMS/100,OOO 8 12 10 6 4 + 2 O~----~----~------~----~----~----~----~~--~ 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1986 YEAR. 1986 1987 1988 I - OKLAHOMA • M -+- US Ava . --*-ILLINOIS -B- NEW YORK .• WtNWM*¥8 . •••• W'M'''.'.' amp,. mH.1 SOURCE: U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE, DEA Meperidine (Pethidine) % Change 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 80-88 U.S. NATIONAL AVERAGE 3514.274 2769.931 3904.716 3656.613 3641.231 2827.137 3353.329 3128.502 2715.823 -22.720 Standard Deviation 830.002 804.944 1031.323 1043.259 1066.697 807.907 975.614 946.459 843.565 1.634 Region Average 3661.136 3005.548 3912.721 3772.252 3368.088 2582.172 3317.176 3190.720 2764.240 -24.498 Region St. Dev. 565.886 398.487 775.681 717.140 643.203 445.001 703.221 740.885 690.427 22..008 MCP Average 2787.995 2162.539 3036.893 2925.114 2812.909 2113.758 2437.782 2329.387 2025.205 -27.360 MCP St. Dev. 438.513 184.355 474.465 406.551 379.917 198.286 279.304 198.164 152.315 -65.266 REGION NON-MCP STATES Oklahoma 4477.515 3786.416 5196.893 4994.542 5189.195 3780.502 4534.121 4246.768 3460.058 -22.724 Arkansas 3939.551 3084.980 4278.957 4278.632 4092.220 2960.222 3879.970 3977.783 3525.077 -10.521 Kansas 3341.593 2791.158 3320.661 3120.139 2844.102 2085.127 2650.558 2516.552 2128.886 -36.291 Louisiana 4338.354 3517.617 5047.216 4757.414 4042.162 3079.485 4121.638 3893.683 3469.637 -20.024 Missouri 3959.768 3268.857 4100.187 3884.943 3396.337 2768.025 3606.731 3432.257 2877.071 -27.342 Nebraska 2726.412 2365.126 2816.584 2820.130 2465.619 2017.999 2326.984 2133.323 1820.531 -33.226 MCP STATES California 2883.524 2275.194 3232.274 3100.035 2934.991 2145.824 2749.069 2580.517 2266.687 -21.392 Hawaii 2241.015 1883.987 2159.034 2265.090 2385.793 1866.372 2037.183 2192.040 1811.936 -19.147 Idaho 2665.221 2214.189 3217.624 2987.465 2802.580 2222.898 2156.306 2192.899 1930.595 -27.563 Illinoi s 2562.845 2074.636 2670.775 2532.230 2316.598 1834.257 2216.607 2022.734 1892.234 -26.167 New York 2708.003 2060.129 3021.033 2869.688 2712.777 2117.030 2469.266 2270.308 1981.876 -26.814 Rhode Island 3667.361 2467.097 3155.055 3086.720 3003.416 2147.114 2682.739 2497.594 2164.450 -40.981 Texas 4033.943 3249.355 3802.458 3634.568 3534.211 2462.81-0 2753.303 2549.619 2128.659 -47.231 Indiana 3498.216 2942.490 3891.754 3546.941 3709.521 3040.395 3785.818 3159.388 2736.159 -21.784 Michigan 4170.147 3724.412 5418.833 5421.351 4762.241 3454.726 3943.843 3442.176 2970.585 -28.765 MEPERIDINE 6600 6000 4600 4000 3600 3000 2600 2000 1600 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 19861988 1987 ~988 YEARS I-OKLAHOMA -•f.•-•*U**S••J'NB --*- R&,EBIOwNe 1MB --13--HMi CP NisI"B''''I 80URCE: U.8. DEPT. OF JUSTICE, DEA MEPERIDINE 6000 5000 ! 4000 -~ 3000 '~ 2000 1000 o~----~----~----~----~----~~----~----~----~ 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 YEARS 1987 1988 I-OKLAHOMA * '-'Mf- US'i AVa -B---ILLINMOIS E*e, ---*- NE*W'IF.*YRO&RH&KI SOURCE: U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE, DEA Oxymorphone % Change 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 80-88 U.S. NATIONAL AVERAGE 0.828 1.047 0.864 0.725 0.735 0.561 0.686 0.574 0.439 -46.981 Standard Deviation 0.838 1.369 1.145 0.650 0.754 0.540 0.678 0.621 0.471 -43.795 Region Average 0.553 0.650 0.456 0.394 0.314 0.230 0.441 0.348 0.287 -48.156 Region St. Dev. 0.362 0.412 0.262 0.216 0.176 0.129 0.267 0.270 0.241 -33.473 MCP Average 1.268 1.902 1.683 0.993 0.993 0.806 1.083 0.925 0.605 -52.333 MCP St. Dev. 1.449 2.779 2.459 1.094 1.094 0.885 1.397 1.259 0.784 -45.920 REGION NON-MCP STATES Oklahoma 3.336 2.956 2.920 2.153 2.401 1.429 1.330 1.311 1.153 -65.438 Arkansas 0.164 0.298 0.166 0.159 0.159 0.173 0.612 0.498 0.344 109.756 Kansas 0.633 0.798 0.893 0.651 0.249 0.235 0.319 0.201 0.250 -60.506 Louisiana 0.306 0.324 0.400 0.382 0.382 0.149 0.304 0.095 0.029 -90.523 Missouri 0.457 0.438 0.235 0.153 0.153 0.118 0.105 0.138 0.097 -78.m Nebraska 1.206 1.392 0.587 0.625 0.625 0.477 0.867 0.810 0.714 -40.796 MCP STATES Cal Hornia 1.513 1.479 1.264 0.975 0.975 0.846 1.076 1.058 0.661 -56.312 Hawaii 0.094 0.008 0.054 0.047 0.047 0.046 0.077 0.032 0.004 -95.745 Idaho 4.279 8.024 7.576 3.524 3.524 2.813 4.•386 3.902 2.445 -42.860 III inois 0.305 0.914 0.511 0.531 0.531 0.241 0.122 0.091 0.105 -65.574 New York 1.234 0.754 0.818 0.939 0.939 0.567 0.729 0.640 0.509 -58.752 Rhode Island 0.185 0.231 0.073 0.073 0.073 0.125 0.261 0.220 0.103 -44.324 Texas 1.702 1.996 1.482 0.860 0.860 1.0f!3 0.927 0.534 0.405 -76.204 Indiana 0.212 0.281 0.480 0.581 0.581 0.204 0.180 0.184 0.191 -9.906 Michigan 0.562 0.537 0.603 0.564 0.564 0.448 0.612 0.651 0.594 5.694 I ~ 0.5 *--·-·-·~--·--~_i o"*_"._ ~ *-- . ~ ---*-".--.--- ..-..-.-.-'+: . .-.-.--.-- ~_. ._ .... _~-----.- """*,- ---:..J.t. o -~---TI 1980 1981 O\ I \ I I J 0 R0' I0 ~',- . \! }l~'" ' I! ~\ ! ! . Av 'r \1. •'I '~- iI"'\ ; ~ 1\ I j' I j l ! I I \~L 3.5~RA~/10l000 i 3 ~!1 I 2.5 1; , 1.5 ~ '---' r-·-----·-·--·-,-----------r----·--r----·-·--......---- ----j- --7-' 1982 1983 1984 1985 .1986 1987 1988 YEAR r---------- ...----------------. - ..-----..--.-------..---- ..-- ....--~--.--...0-_. -------.---.-- ----- '-- ..--.. ! - OKLMlOMA --+- us AYG -*- REGION AVG -B- Me? AVG L••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• SOURCE: U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICEa DEA 3.5 ,GRk~SJ100.000 , i 3 -1 2.51 1 2 ~ ! 0.5 ~ o +----..-~._-·--·-"-"-T"--···-·-"-.. · ,~·-·-----r·----"".--"-I~---"---"-'--""---T - -"'-~'-r"--"-"--" ---:-. 19BO 19B1 19B2 1983 19B4 19B5 .19B6 1987 19BB YEAR r--"------"--~-" --------.,-.---- ..-" ..-..-.--."---..---- -----...---" -------------, l- IlK1.AHOMA --+- us AVG. -B- ILLINOIS o-X- NE\f YOOK I SOURCE: U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTIC~ DEA
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Okla State Agency |
Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs Control, Oklahoma Bureau of |
Okla Agency Code | '477' |
Title | Diversion of controlled pharmaceuticals : is there a problem in Oklahoma? |
Authors |
James, Thomas E. Rodriguez, Brenda. Oklahoma. State Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs Control. |
Publisher | Oklahoma State Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs Control |
Publication Date | 1990-01 |
Publication type |
Research Report/Study |
Subject |
Medication abuse--Oklahoma. |
Purpose | The purpose of this report is to assess the degree to which the diversion of prescription drugs is a potential problem in Oklahoma. Specifically, the study will focus on Schedule II substances--those with an accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse, which could lead to severe psychic or physical dependence. |
Notes | Science and Public Policy Program, University of Oklahoma |
OkDocs Class# | N400.8 D618c 1990 |
Digital Format | PDF, Adobe Reader required |
ODL electronic copy | Deposited by agency in print; scanned by Oklahoma Department of Libraries 11/2011 |
Rights and Permissions | This Oklahoma state government publication is provided for educational purposes under U.S. copyright law. Other usage requires permission of copyright holders. |
Language | English |
Full text | THE DIVERSION OF CONTROLLED PHARMACEUTICALS: IS THERE A PROBLEM IN OKLAHOMA? Prepared for The Oklahoma State Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs Control by Thomas E. James, Jr. Brenda Rodriguez Science ,and Public Policy Program University of Oklahoma January 1990 THE DIVERSION OF CONTROLLED PHARMACEUTICALS: IS THEIR A PROBLEM IN OKLAHOMA? INTRODUCTION Drug abuse is a-major problem that has permeated all sectors of our society. Daily, the media reports accounts of the tragedies associated with the illegal sale and use of drugs. For the most part, the stories we read and hear about pertain to such things as the latest interdiction of an international cocaine or heroin shipment, a drug ring selling crack to high school students, a marijuana field discovered in the local countryside, or a prominent public figure exposed as a dealer and/or user. Increasingly, attention is being given to an element of the drug abuse problem that receives sUbstantially less public attention--the diversion and abuse of licitly manufactured controlled pharmaceuticals (prescription drugs). These diversions can result from illegal sales by dishonest health care providers, indiscriminate prescribing practices, prescription forgeries or alterations, theft, and "professional patient" schemes. According the Drug Enforcement Agency of the U.S. Department of Justice (1987): o Of the 1.5 billion prescriptions dispensed annually, several hundred million dosage units are diverted to illicit use; o The abuse of prescription drugs results in more injuries and deaths than all illegal drugs combined; The purpose of this report is to assess the degree to which the diversion of prescription drugs is a potential problem in Oklahoma. Specifically, the study will focus on Schedule II substances--those with an accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse, which could lead to severe psychic or physical dependence. In order to estimate the degree to which diversion of Schedule II substances might be a problem, data to document the flow of these drugs from supplier to dispenser to end user are required. Although data are available to document the amount of various Schedule II drugs delivered to authorized registrants in Oklahoma, information to track the distribution of these substances within the State is not readily available. However, a qualitative judgement about the potential for diversion can be developed based on the amount of Schedule II drugs delivered to registrants in Oklahoma compared to national and regional trends. That is, do Oklahomans consume more of these drugs per capita than the nation as a whole or other states in this region? In addition, consumption trends can be compared to states that have implemented a Multiple Copy Prescription (MCP) program. Nine states have implemented MCP programs in order to close the data gap with respect to final drug distribution and acquire the information necessary to control illegal diversion; several additional states are considering similar initiatives (see Appendix A). In general, MCP programs require that prescriptions for certain controlled substances be written on multiple copy, serially numbered, state-issued prescription forms. One copy is kept by the prescriber, one is maintained in the files of the dispenser, and one copy is forwarded by the dispenser to the 2 state authority responsible for controlled substances (e.g., Department of Public Safety or Bureau or Narcotics) . The data for this analysis were taken from the Diversion Analysis and Detection system (DADS) reports that are based on the Automation of Reports and Consolidated Orders System (ARCOS) data base prepared by the Drug Enforcement Agency of the U.S. Department of Justice. The following sections describe Oklahoma's per capita consumption of Schedule II substances from 1980-1988 and compare these trends to the national averages, the region, and MCP states. OKLAHOMA'S CONSUMPTION RANKINGS Oklahoma ranks among the leading states in the consumption of Schedule II drugs. In 1988, Oklahoma ranked among the top five states in per capita consumption (grams per 100,000 popUlation) of four Schedule II drugs: Amobarbital, 3rd; Methamphetamine, 4th; Dihydrocodeine, 4th; and Oxyrnorphone, 5th (see Table 1). Only five states (Alabama, Massachusetts, Vermont, Connecticut, Nevada) and the District of Columbia ranked in the top five on more drugs than Oklahoma1• Similarly, only five states (Ohio, Massachusetts, Vermont, connecticut, Nevada) and the District of Columbia had more drugs ranked in the top 10 in per capita consumption than did Oklahoma. In addition to the drugs mentioned above, Oklahoma's consumption of DL-Amphetamine Base ranked eighth nationally in 1988, while Oklahoma ranked ninth in consumption of Levorphanol and Meperidine. 3 TABLE 1: OKLAHOMA SCHEDULE II DRUG USE Rank and Grams/100,000 Population 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 STIMULANTS DL-AHPHETAMINE 13 12 13 10 12 9 5 10 8 BASE 375.899 215.908 193.481 200.118 161.161 139.547 189.466 118.111 105.421 METHAMPHETAMINE 12 13 8 7 5 6 4 7 4 83.873 65.171 91. 901 101.465 126.772 80.236 84.293 48.495 37.882 PHENMETRAZINE 12 10 13 8 7 9 13 11 11 BASE 808.699 739.537 565.500 533.489 545.142 288.022 212.757 161.831 70.53 Methylphenidate 29 32 31 42 43 41 45 44 43 343.404 282.511 361. 643 344.405 351. 409 292.911 407.152 437.404 433.454 DEPRESSANTS AMOBARBITAL 1 2 2 2 2 5 4 4 3 -l'- 982.667 749.058 714.353 547.387 454.496 267.242 287.467 242.184 185.706 Pentobarbital 21 28 24 18 20 26 27 28 29 2,815.043 2,340.836 2,996.878 3,201. 761 3,110.366 2,207.098 2,414.457 2,431.153 2,209.986 Secobarbital 26 28 30 32 28 . 33 36 29 38 1,328.382 1,025.381 978.955 815.764 755.605 481.811 438.719 379.833 228.924 NARCOTICS Cocaine 28 36 45 48 48 45 33 37 24 156.148 122.913 123.875 75.702 69.466 82.573 112.610 100.191 115.097 Codeine Base 13 6 12 17 12 16 16 17 24 14,989.000 15,714.932 17,314.026 16,536.377 19,315.205 14,497.428 16,830.098 15,943.093 12,056.62 DIHYDROCODElNE 1 2 2 3 3 2 4 4 4 970.809 901. 294 1,045.095 1,035.423 951.029 643.778 519.445 396.769 279.173 DIHYDROGODEINONE 16 . 11 12 12 8 12 12 13 18 254.565 310.300 387.344 534.508 685.778 585.659 889.484 913.939 741.464 OXYCODONE 18 17 17 18 14 18 18 19 21 590.828 595.076 7pO.413 769.760 947.868 743.224 1,032.064 1,038.866 892.099 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 Hydromorphonej 22 21 6 13 18 32 31 33 37 Dihydromorphinon 33.558 33.828 65.247 59.383 60.376 39.048 49.118 44.340 35.666 LEVORPHANOL 7 10 7 13 12 20 12 14 9 7.012 6.046 7.624 6.693 7.451 4.493 6.298 5.906 5.874 MEPERIDINE 7 4 6 7 4 5 4 5 9 (PETHIDINE) 4,477.515 3,786.416 5,196.89.3 4,994.542 5,189.195 3,780.502 4,534.121 4,246.768 3,460.058 Methadone 21 29 28 32 35 43 43 48 40 53.694 41.174 55.466 67.185 64.673 45.399 49.668 40.228 41. 447 Morphine 36 24 18 27 23 34 38 34 38 127.521 143.037 226.322 220.948 264.474 246.527 397.368 526.105 548.394 Nalorphine 27 8 20 41 48 18 42 41 31 .009 .017 .004 .009 .007 .005 .005 .002 .003 Opium Tincture 34 33 37 36 38 39 41 43 43 VI 115.476 98.307 100.698 89.449 96.370 61.714 60.668 55.730 40.778 Opium Powdered 30 25 28 30 36 41 41 39 42 28.021 27.416 30.255 26.929 21. 283 11.581 14.284 15.123 11.724 Mixed Alkaloids 20 28 23 26 23 23 14 19 18 of Opium 4.771 2.824 3.366 1.988 1. 912 1.239 2.873 1.660 1.163 OXYMORPHONE 2 5 2 2 4 4 6 4 5 3.336 2.956 2.920 2.153 2.401 1.429 1.330 1.311 1.153 Fentanyl 44 43 40 40 40 45 39 33 36 .375 .239 .466 .572 .577 .463 .765 .878 .692 Sufentanil 11 17 41 40 39 .016 .020 .024 .026 .032 Source: "Cumulative Quarterly Per-Capita Consumption of Drugs," Automated Records Consolidated Order System (ARCOS); from Annual Reports 1980-1988. Note: Oklahoma consistently ranked among the top 20 states in per-capita consumption for HIGHLIGHTED drugs. Oklahoma's high ranking on per capita consumption of some Schedule II drugs has been consistent throughout the decade of the 1980s. Between 1980 and 1988, Oklahoma ranked no lower than 5th in per capita consumption of Amobarbital; for five years, Oklahoma ranked either first or second. The State ranked no lower than fourth in per capita consumption of dihydrocodeine during this period and was among the top three states in consumption for six of those years. Each year from 1980 through 1988, Oklahoma ranked among the top 13 states for seven of the Schedule II drugs (DL-Amphetamine, Methamphetamine, Phenmetrazine, Amobarbital, Dihydrocodeine, Meperidine, and Oxymorphone). During this period, Oklahoma's consumption per capita ranked among the top 21 states for 10 of the Schedule II drugs (Dihydrocodeinone, Oxycodone, and. Levorphanol in addition to the seven just mentioned). Although the per capita consumption of some of the higher r~nking drugs has decreased, Oklahoma's ranking compared to other states has increased. For example, in 1980 375.9 grams/100,000 of DL-Amphetamine Base were delivered to registrants in Oklahoma. This decreased to 105.4 grams/100,OOO population in 1988. However, Oklahoma's rank compared to other states increased from thirteenth to eighth. Thus, while the State followed the general national trend of decreased use, its rate of decrease was not as .great as some of the other high use states. A similar pattern is evident with Methamphetamine--grams/100,000 population decreased 6 from 83.9 in 1980 to 37.9 in 1988 but Oklahoma's ranking increased from twelfth to fourth. In other cases, Oklahoma's per capita consumption of high ranking drugs decreased, the state's ranking relative to other states also decreased, but Oklahoma remains among the highest ranking states in per capita consumption. Consumption of Amobarbital decreased from 982.7 grams/100,000 population in 1980 to 185.7 in 1988; however, Oklahoma's ranking only dropped from first to third. Dihydrocodeine consumption dropped from 970.8 grams/100,000 population in 1980 to 279.2 in 1988, but Oklahoma still ranked fourth in 1988, compared to first in 19802. OKLAHOMA COMPARED TO U.S. AVERAGE, REGION, AND MCP STATES Appendix B contains data and displays for the ten drugs for which Oklahoma ranked consistently high in per capita use during the 1980s (DL-Amphetamine Base, Methamphetamine, Phenmetrazine, Amobarbital, Dihydrocodeine, Dihydrocodeinone, Oxycodone, Levorphanol, Meperidine, Oxymorphone). Each table (one per drug) includes the average consumption per capita for the U.S., the region3, and MCP states4, as well as the values for Oklahoma and the individual region and MCP states. Two figures (line graphs) follow each table. Both figures include Oklahoma and the U.S. average. The first figure also depicts the average values for .the region and the MCP states; the second includes values for two individual MCP states--Illinois and New York. These two states 7 have well-developed programs with a substantial history of operation. Although deviations may exist in a particular year or for a particular drug, in general, the trends in per capita consumption for the 10 drugs displayed reflect decreasing consumption from 1980 to 1988. This pattern is evident for Oklahoma, as well as the nation, the region, and the MCP states. Per capita consumption in Oklahoma always is greater than the average consumption for the nation as a whole, the region, and the MCP states. This is not unexpected gi~en that Oklahoma has consistently ranked high on per capita consumption of these 10 drugs. However, it is interesting to note that, in most instances, the average per capita consumption of the MCP states, as well as the individual examples of Illinois and New York, is below the u.s. average and the region average.5 Some states without MCP programs do rank lower in per capita consumption compared to the MCP states. Nevertheless, average per capita consumption in states with MCP programs is consistently lower than the U.S. average even though some of the states which are frequently mentioned as having significant drug problems are included (e.g., New York, California, Illinois). Further, the values for the MCP states are included in the calculation of the national average~ If these states were not included, the difference in per capita consumption between the MCP states and the national average would be even greater.6 8 CONCLUSION The data presented in this report indicate that Oklahoma does have reason for concern with respect to the potential diversion of Schedule II prescription drugs. Over the nine year period from 1980-1988, the State ranked among the top 21 states for almost half of the Schedule II drugs. In 1988, Oklahoma ranked among the top five states in per capita consumption of four drugs and among the top ten for seven drugs. The significance of this is highlighted when one considers that only five other states and the District of Columbia ranked higher on more drugs than Oklahoma. Two of those states (connecticut and Massachusetts) and the District of Columbia are considering a MCP program. Although the general trend in Oklahoma, as well as in the region and the nation as a whole, reflects decreased per capita consumption of many of the Schedule II drugs, Oklahoma continues to be among the highest ranking states in the use of a substantial number of the substances. 9 NOTES 1. Calculated from the ARCOS data 1988. 2. For many of the drugs for which Oklahoma has not ranked among leading consuming states (e.g., Methylphenidate, Secobarbital, Methadone, Morphine, Opium Tincture), its ranking moved even lower from 1980 to 1988. 3. Included in the Region Average are Arkansas, Kansas, Louisiana, Missouri, and Nebraska. These are states bordering Oklahoma that are similar in culture and economy. 4. Included in the MCP States Average are California, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, New York, Rhode Island, and Texas. The MCP program in Texas was implemented in January, 1982 and data from Texas are not included in the MCP average for 1980 and 1981. The programs in Michigan and Indiana were not scheduled to go into operation until 1989; consequently, they are not included in the calculation of the MCP average. 5. In some cases, the MCP states average or the value for Illinois or New York are not lower than the U.S. average or the region average; see the displays for Dihydrocodeinone, Levorphanol, and Oxymophone. 6. This analysis is not meant to imply that the MCP programs that exist in some states are the only causal factor responsible for reductions in consumption of Schedule II drugs in those states. Other factors such as regional and national trends and changes in health care practices (e.g., decreasing use of amphetamines for the treatment of obesity) also must be taken into consideration. Although trends and changes in practice that are widespread affect both MCP and non-MCP states, MCP states generally have lower consumption per capita than the national average. 10 REFERENCES U.S. Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration. 1987. Multiple Copy Prescription Programs Resource Guide. Washington DC: The Department. ______ , Office of Diversion Control. Automation of Reports and Consolidated Orders System, DADS Quarterly Reports, Fourth Quarter. 1980-1988. Washington DC: The Department. 11 APPENDIX A: MULTIPLE COpy PRESCRIPTION STATES Appendix A: Multiple Copy Prescription states New York has the oldest multiple copy prescription program (1913). The current triplicate prescription program was initiated under the Controlled Substances Act of 1972 and was implemented in 1977. California multiple copy system has existed since 1940 in various forms. Hawaii passed implemented a duplicate prescription program in 1943 and retained it under the Uniform Controlled Substances Act in 1972. Illinois implemented an MCP program in 1961. Idaho incorporated a triplicate prescription program into their narcotics and dangerous drug law in 1972. Rhode Island has required pharmacies to report specific information to the state narcotics board since 1939 and implemented a duplicate prescription program in 1978. Texas implemented a triplicate prescription program January 1, 1982. Indiana implemented a triplicate prescription program July 31, 1989. Michigan implemented a triplicate prescription program August 1, 1989. other states considering implementation of a Multiple Copy Prescription program include: Connecticut, District of Columbia, Florida, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, West Virginia, and Washington. APPENDIX B: PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION OF SCHEDULE II DRUGS: Dl-Amphetamine Base % Change 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 80-88 U.S. NATIONAL AVERAGE 287.375 146.552 153.243 137.382 123.140 90.549 102.861 88.261 69.505 -75.814 Standard Deviation 229.388 102.708 114.026 100.668 101.434 73.233 83.755 55.097 38.714 -83.123 Region Average 256.386 139.805 124.403 103.130 81.276 58.882 75.808 60.911 58.166 -n.313 Region St. Dev. 140.205 75.479 65.597 51.337 47.860 35.525 47.779 52.948 40.276 -71.273 MCP Average 297.461 104.580 123.169 99.763 94.734 69.849 81.369 75.040 61.717 -79.252 MCP St. Dev. 148.069 58.436 46.130 57.038 30.618 22.847 32.360 30.569 23.696 -83.996 REGION NON-MCP STATES Oklahoma 375.899 215.909 193.481 200.118 161.161 139.547 189.466 118.111 105.421 -71.955 Arkansas 26.322 19.934 30.008 32.886 30.271 21.823 28.514 24.921 21.261 -19.227 Kansas 247.483 150.255 117.774 100.556 65.036 37.405 46.545 45.353 38.302 -84.523 louisiana 346.n2 161.233 148.362 109.925 71.849 51.319 63.970 57.201 45.495 -86.880 Missouri 444.848 253.360 230.080 190.964 172.336 125.352 166.233 162.497 136.376 -69.343 Nebraska 216.503 114.242 95.791 81.318 66.886 58.509 73.780 14.581 49.395 -n .185 MCP STATES Cal ifornia 563.833 161.041 179.078 181.858 117.131 82.574 102.316 96.616 82.731 -85.327 Hawai i 160.693 50.873 54.383 52.328 47.693 35.706 38.344 31.672 26.899 -83.261 Idaho 170.931 81.840 92.427 73.407 86.258 70.293 81..668 79.884 69.476 -59.354 Illinois 208.912 119.668 135.358 138.824 106.459 83.255 84.252 74.067 62.809 -69.935 New York 255.396 24.384 n.061 71.394 62.972 47.666 56.937 54.266 45.395 -82.226 Rhode Island 425.002 189.671 182.093 160.120 145.980 109.337 144.843 133.055 101.702 -76.070 Texas 427.003 242.343 141.786 120.174 96.645 60.113 61.221 55.722 43.006 -89.928 Indiana 483.303 298.nO 261.649 203.953 206.326 153.326 183.648 181.572 71.222 -85.263 Michigan 373.819 226.163 202.692 194.388 200.004 110.466 58.842 52.378 50.929 -86.376 DL-AMPHETAMINE BASE GRAMS/100,000 400 100 300 200 O+-----~----~----~----~----~----~------~--~ 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1986 1988 YEAR 1987 1988 '''eseriNe,!,'? 5 -W 'WWH,*tttt'dW't1 ?W -OKLAHOMA --+- US AVB . ---.- REBION NIB SOURCE:U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE, DEA DL-AMPHETAMINE BASE GRAU8/100,000 400 100 300 200 -~-I~ / O+-----~----~----~----~----~------~----~--~ 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1986 YEAR 1988 1987 1988 - OKLAHOMA -+- US NIB· --*- ILLINOIS -a- NEW YORK "I 'W-MtitlMW1M§WMWlfMM hE ''M'M'twkM¥WUWN'M@ 'lft$seMVMI¥5'MWWI SOURCE: U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE, DEA Methamphetamine % Change 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 80-88 U_S. NATIONAL AVERAGE 58.979 52.174 58.538 53.462 45.919 26.772 26.737 18.580 12.404 -78.969 Standard Deviation 66.070 81.091 96.909 88.824 69.355 35.312 37.427 19.835 12.762 -80.684 Region Average 70.886 63.825 70.763 53.928 30.448 18.600 23.032 17.953 11.295 -84.065 Region St. Dev. 56.671 52.683 67.006 47.917 18.184 11.704 16.012 11.546 6.246 -88.979 MCP Average 48.871 28.202 32.661 23.627 23.400 14.749 15.282 12.907 9.888 -79.768 MCP St. Dev. 22.221 8.251 14.549 9.292 14.058 8.472 7.616 7.148 5.474 -75.368 REGION NON-MCP STATES Oklahoma 83.873 65.171 91.901 101.465 126.772 80.236 84.293 48.495 37.882 -54.834 Arkansas 5.045 3.217 6.346 5.766 4.465 2.806 4.037 2.498 1.899 -62.359 Kansas 41.188 38.459 35.372 30_194 18_655 6.939 8.142 8.673 7.038 -82.912 Louisiana 172.934 159.488 199.115 145.585 58.605 31.307 47.498 34.754 19.273 -88.855 Missouri 81.883 72.440 65.580 44.683 35.281 22.147 22.429 18.191 12.028 -85.311 Nebraska 53.379 45.522 47.403 43.410 35.232 29.801 33.054 25.647 16.239 -69.578 MCP STATES Cal ifornia 89.397 29.330 32.550 24.762 21.890 14.814 15.638 14.581 10.883 -87.826 Hawaii 53.531 31.981 39.810 21.363 22.695 11.642 12.338 11.023 6.536 -87.790 Idaho 50.402 43.207 47.358 39.036 54.105 33.842 32.758 29.145 22.361 -55.635 Illinois 18.231 16.715 16.800 15.890 11.819 8.787 11.353 10.198 8.676 -52.411 New York 51.516 24.384 12.049 11.740 8.368 6.272 6.961 5:594 4.011 -92.214 Rhode Island 30.149 23.593 25.376 17.780 16.295 10.819 12.615 7.811 7.561 -74.921 Texas 96.822 101.649 54.684 34.816 28.628 17.065 15.314 11.999 9.186 -90.512 Indiana 112.360 84.131 114.907 93.542 63.718 37.291 62.129 48.785 16.489 -85.325 Michigan 356.665 541.254 648.802 575.702 347.978 55.139 1.457 1.112 0.861 -99.759 140 120 100 DL-METHAMPHETAMI IE GRAMS/100.000 80 80 40 20 O+-----~----~----~----~----~----~------~--~ 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1986 1988· 1987 YEAR 1988 I - OKLAHOMA -j-- US NlQ -*- REQION NlQ . --E!-- MOP NlQl g'e·, *fM&t*"iLitiW1i'ASVMWtvW''''·'.f.liMd "'M;,eweeWMS4iMMwmW"Mteel%@"Yt%MfSf SOURCE: U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE, DEA 140 120 100 DL-METHAMPHETAMINE GRAMS/100,000 80 60 - 40 ~. +-----+----- 20r-~~~===*~~~~~~==~~~ O~----~----~----~----~~----~----~----~----~ 1980 1981 1983 1984 1985 YEAR 1982 1986 1987 1988 I - OKLAHOMA -+- US ING --a-- ILLINOIS -*- NEW YORK I FW,·WMMf1*Mawwuapwr_.-i_ '_*wsee, ;,nl'* ',5 **§', SOURCE: U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE, DEA Phervnetrazine % Change 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 80-88 u.s. NATIONAL AVERAGE 591. 102 461.083 366.072 304.906 230.693 143.739 148.139 99.418 56.635 -90.419 Standard Deviation 532.468 471.310 344.751 318.449 245.945 191.453 217.974 134.311 86.821 -83.695 Region Average 726.745 577.404 411.710 262.119 155.952 71.749 60.814 47.039 33.392 -95.405 Region St. Dev. 482.880 306.968 200.957 134.274 81.693 48.127 59.157 49.190 34.983 -92.755 MCP Average 529.349 396.739 295.335 254.018 198.000 110.768 96.304 64.530 32.658 -93.831 MCP St. Dev. 381.191 283.555 215.845 227.047 169.618 91.573 .73.756 49.230 23.929 -93.723 REGION NON-MCP STATES Oklahoma 808.699 739.537 565.500 533.489 545.142 288.077 212.757 161.831 70.353 -91.300 Arkansas 27.211 24.944 13.787 7.438 10.612 4.678 6.098 5.826 5.561 -79.563 Kansas 888.524 755.779 519.911 402.591 238.150 77.650 9.185 6.124 5.868 -99.340 louisiana '. 1501.413 833.148 ~-';559.016 312.357 144.563 59.157 71.192 55.904 42.381 -97.177 Missouri 503.004 460.918 486.684 316.275 157.294 62.975 49.105 29.065 15.154 -96.987 Nebraska 713.575 812.231 479.150 271.932 229.142 154.286 168.488 138.276 97.994 -86.267 MCP STATES California 1351.494 1019.545 757.433 772.204 574.017 303.895 246.098 162.015 69.459 -94.861 Hawaii 391.494 236.787 154.922 173.186 133.864 73.241 46.699 32.330 15.566 -96.024 Idaho 375.602 198.564 163.200 122.345 121.247 62.764 55.307 36.664 14.914 -96.029 Illinois 543.708 324.936 290.867 264.393 222.713 146.844 140.575 108.944 67.982 -87.497 New York 304.913 245.898 32.667 26.289 20.585 11.423 12.510 9~646 5.366 -98.240 Rhode Island 208.883 354.706 292.961 130.497 71.598 35.995 52.376 38.797 29.098 -86.070 Texas 959.016 642.220 375.294 289.209 241.976 141.212 120.566 63.311 26.222 -97.266 Indiana 844.168 676.512 649.848 518.904 344.866 259.697 344.402 234.994 84.139 -90.033 Michigan 3395.183 3052.444 1794.973 1603.413 966.581 . 121.303 3.610 0.685 0.891 -99.974 1000 800 600 400 200 PHENMETRAZINE GRAMS/100,000 .,, 04-----~----~----~----~----~----~~----~--~ 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 YEAR 1988 SOURCE: U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE, DEA 1000 PHENMETRAZINE GRAMS/100.000 800-,--- 600 400 200 O~--~----~====~==~~~~====#===~~===@ 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1986 1986 1987 1988 YEAR -OKLAHOMA -+- US AVa f4tl SOURCE: U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE. DEA Amobarbi tal % Change 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 80-88 u.s. NATIONAL AVERAGE 344.649 265.524 260.064 224.333 190.603 133.767 136.076 110.217 82.487 -76.066 Standard Deviation 209.263 164.025 154.635 124.371 103.644 73.129 76.683 64.487 47.865 -n.127 Region Average 459.300 365.574 345.169 271.351 208.639 152.043 166.374 136.814 95.171 -79.279 Region St. Dev. 269.438 220.742 204.143 160.394 133.811 100.721 110.990 96.971 66.191 -75.434 MCP Average 276.678 194.396 199.278 154.323 125.791 84.574 88.385 78.465 58.568 -78.832 MCP St. Dev. 130.264 101.329 88.042 69.678 48.712 34.532 ·33.792 34.740 25.012 -80.799 REGION NON-MCP STATES Oklahoma 982.667 749.058 714.353 547.387 454.496 267.242 287.467 242.184 185.706 -81.102 Arkansas 237.469 128.053 130.780 114.862 102.666 64.903 65.731 47.371 32.089 -86.487 Kansas 618.510 427.151 390.688 276.694 241.669 153.787 140.223 121.939 74.198 -88.004 louisiana 247.844 226.619 201.757 164.152 101.952 72.n6 82.025 64.210 47.408 -80.872 Missouri 917.395 762.332 714.630 572.645 456.0n 342.279 375.327 319.810 218.166 -76.219 Nebraska 275.284 283.713 287.990 228.403 140.832 126.469 168.564 130.740 103.994 -62.223 MCP STATES California 329.002 197.529 234.000 179.643 167.799 115.742 114.210 107.995 74.533 -n.346 Hawaii 68.132 50.5n 69.156 50.6n 51.904 36.526 41.333 23.n9 18.3n -73.027 Idaho 123.762 95.628 99.618 79.1n 70.613 41.640 56.348 50.868 45.952 -62.871 Illinois 369.039 316.013 292.837 265.835 182.226 129.306 143.659 128.601 100.380 -72.800 New York 375.nl 184.674 201.942 166.007 145.575 98.812 100.810 92~922 68.982 -81.643 Rhode Island 394.363 321.955 327.898 213.761 167.998 107.579 100.817 95.252 64.569 -83.627 Texas 2n.809 213.709 169.497 125.160 94.425 62.413 61.515 49.840 37.184 -86.615 Indiana 358.082 259.446 252.733 189.142 178.718 125.4n 119.883 100.299 91.838 -74.353 Michigan 825.851 670.607 661.456 537.854 430.536 280.146 287.435 231.247 173.508 -78.990 AMOBARBITAL 1000 GRAM8/100,000 200 800 800 400 o~----~----~----~----~----~----~----~----~ 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1986 1988 1987 1988 YEAR I - OKLAHOMA -+- US mG -l¥- REGIONmG --e- MCP mG -. t1 Ii 'wwmWMM'W'Mtn" 'id ,&••. *1&.'# MWWWWMWRMI SOURCE: U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE, DEA 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 AMOBARBITAL GRAMS/100,OOO O~----~----~----~----~----~----~~----~--~ 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 YEARS 1987 1988 [=-OKLAHOMA --+-- US Ava· -B-ILLINOIS SOURCE: U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE, DEA Dihydrocodeine % Change 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 80-88 U_S_ NATIONAL AVERAGE 304_725 282.351 338.589 353.081 330.001 217.513 206.517 165.156 117.090 -61.575 Standard Deviation 215.782 207.299 249.530 257.136 237.746 161.484 143.119 114.081 85.302 -60.468 Region Average 518.430 501.494 552.628 579.836 498.152 344.785 327.895 262.269 191.462 -63.069 Region St. Dev. 275.583 274.473 326.307 329.942 294.766 213.647 182.178 138.530 109.775 -60.166 MCP Average 228.510 149.994 308.253 322.866 325.975 200.649 195.729 159.743 113.216 -50.455 MCP St. Dev. 245.589 90.034 305.310 317.314 292.373 181.210 161.844 131.582 92.189 -62.462 REGION NON-MCP STATES Oklahoma 970.809 901.294 1045.095 1035.423 951.029 643.778 519.445 396.769 279.173 -71.243 Arkansas 961.377 938.177 1081.036 1110.319 998.003 708.368 645.092 517.414 398.615 -58.537 Kansas 318.319 288.878 321.957 318.699 278.042 177.207 187.207 150.804 105.747 -66.780 Louisiana 723.191 713.416 790.426 827.198 675.750 470.741 421.444 301.353 206.506 -71.445 Missouri 268.318 263.185 287.013 318.253 272.339 172.509 180.215 160.866 108.165 -59.688 Nebraska 320.945 303.816 282.707 324.710 266.627 195.098 205.518 180.909 138.276 -56.916 MCP STATES Cal if orn ie 228.698 218.853 320.861 321.215 330.666 208.747 206.333 176.236 123.798 -45.868 Hawaii 6.792 5.437 13.876 14.959 9.319 7.299 7.090 5.552 8.122 19.582 Idaho 752.152 271.788 399.095 374.198 472.733 298.861 302.760 252.794 174.897 -76.747 IIIinois 198.160 179.519 216.642 225.032 187.937 118.657 133.613 117.091 86.408 -56.395 New York 111.023 159.264 149.686 152.555 146.104 95.005 93.725 71.865 49.654 -55.276 Rhode Island 74.235 65.100 66.959 122.230 174.828 85.838 96.157 68.997 47.967 -35.385 Texas 685.797 674.892 990.654 1049.873 960.238 590.134 530.428 425.666 301.668 -56.012 Indiana 438.613 509.775 545.027 539.063 447.889 275.278 297.515 238.755 184.607 -57.911 Michigan 276.524 274.671 280.988 253.612 232.298 147.887 158.050 125.590 94.015 -66.001 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 DIHYDROCODEINE GRAMS/100,000 O+-----~----~----~----~----~----~----~----~ 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 YEAR 1987 1988 SOURCE: U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE, DEA .: DIHYDROCODEINE GRAMS/100,000 1200 600 O+-----~----~----~----~----~------~----~--~ 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 YEAR 1988 1000 800 400 I-OKLAHOMA '"PMIhd *8'*6; -'•• --+-- US Ava -B-ILLINOIS --*- NEW YORKI SOURCE: U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE, DEA Dihydrocodeinone % Change 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 80-88 u.s. NATIONAL AVERAGE 210.685 234.629 292.626 414.840 495.771 490.943 682.043 700.078 624.273 196.306 Standard Deviation 81.179 94.185 137.982 197.025 239.478 257.635 352.950 396.154 409.080 403.923 Region Average 224.872 286.278 344.926 519.173 583.950 561.979 814.613 850.520 720.718 220.501 Region St. Dev. 61.883 92.550 160.161 213.251 249.490 211.581 341.928 356.477 356.208 475.611 MCP Average 223.664 235.337 329.569 432.467 542.506 544.221 747.218 823.134 737.446 229.711 MCP St. Dev. 87.855 80.683 104.902 183.156 239.824 212.723 306.108 323.246 339.385 286.299 REGION NON-MCP STATES Oklahoma 254.565 310.300 387.344 534.508 685.778 585.659 889.484 913.939 747.464 193.624 Arkansas 276.782 312.176 481.790 738.659 890.630 815.314 1163.711 1177.338 1092.309 294.646 Kansas 176.416 177.953 192.003 296.753 346.571 316.750 446.419 482.903 389.254 120.646 Louisiana 318.826 448.587 589.621 810.948 882.263 814.380 1285.746 1370.386 1210.459 279.661 Missouri 192.503 267.408 238.560 412.753 446.328 462.381 627.345 675.850 511.676 165.802 Nebraska 159.833 225.265 222.654 336.751 353.960 401.070 549.846 546.125 399.892 150.194 MCP STATES Cal iforrrie 206.374 245.697 335.275 407.644 544.188 553.087 757.333 986.606 1068.707 417.850 Hawaii 117.858 124.662 149.039 234.940 380.528 557.275 564.967 704.127 353.460 199.903 Idaho 399.091 374.040 398.900 435.836 577.456 571.988 821.388 926.364 962.037 141.057 Illinois 171.638 201.274 268.287 314.499 272.755 263.289 398.155 440.499 436.959 154.582 New York 197.664 177.075 252.063 242.994 276.333 257.949 364.496 340.440 302.958 53.269 Rhode Island 249.361 289.274 450.860 753.995 792.841 700.635 1114.492 1035.379 844.311 238.590 Texas 255.804 320.188 452.556 637.363 953.440 905.327 1209.694 1328.526 1193.693 366.644 Indiana 222.615 292.042 325.711 463.511 516.089 514.879 790.674 781.363 766.861 244.479 Michigan 180.527 273.739 209.967 345.221 406.414 . 381.933 595.863 596.352 379.932 110.457 1000 800 600 400 200 DIHYDROCODEINONE GRAMS/100,OOO O~----~----~----~----~----~----~----~-----' 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1986 1986 1987 1988 YEAR I-OKLAHOMA SOURCE: U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE, DEA DIHYDROCODEINONE GRAMS/100,OOO 1000 800 800 400 2001lt:::=----===1fi-- +- O~----~----~----~----~----~----~----~----~ 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1986 1988 1987 1988 YEAR -f--. us NIB ---+- ILLINOISm -a- NEWYOR~} I-OKLAHOMA 5 SOURCE: U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE, DEA Oxycodone % Change 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 80-88 U.S. NATIONAL AVERAGE 530.288 503.687 651.565 697.569 765.m 668.733 898.329 916.604 844.137 59.185 Standard Deviation 217.182 206.875 288.792 294.307 332.807 284.823 374.509 384.111 357.686 64.694 Region Average 436.527 440.808 528.616 537.746 541.765 474.030 670.546 693.853 640.234 46.665 Region St. Oev. 122.594 142.829 164.684 149.364 112.647 94.316 138.966 107.554 100.178 -18.285 MCP Average 376.126 349.675 416.764 440.277 474.824 406.123 510.864 523.173 474.756 26.223 MCP St. Dev. 123.553 118.008 137.592 165.753 177.129 166.751 215.490 237.014 227.723 84.313 REGION NON-MCP STATES Oklahoma 590.828 595.076 760.413 769.760 947.868 743.224 1032.064 1038.866 892.099 50.991 Arkansas 255.011 245.648 307.740 336.522 381.643 334.895 487.832 559.689 519.819 103.842 Kansas 361.059 360.507 428.124 434.004 452.430 389.148 539.120 615.845 561.000 55.376 Louisiana 620.459 675.420 803.465 779.142 701.864 576.669 867.878 857.236 791.048 27.494 Missouri 474.486 433.059 544.975 570.624 596.513 532.175 737.256 772.425 716.916 51.093 Nebraska 471.620 489.405 558.774 568.436 576.374 537.264 720.646 664.071 612.388 29.848 MCP STATES California 397.524 379.158 490.022 479.122 510.018 403.187 528.509 525.697 471.588 18.631 Hawaii 485.683 391.453 532.594 651.959 697.203 676.992 817.557 840.768 812.113 67.211 Idaho 346.059 319.968 368.465 350.938 440.618 398.805 464.353 497.668 442.732 27.935 Illinois 147.436 139.405 160.684 176.056 165.675 152.588 187.254 177.048 162.516 10.228 New York 345.792 330.080 417.512 449.188 476.169 387.934 514.059 505;178 439.059 26.972 Rhode Island 534.264 537.986 614.155 665.799 702.273 579.808 780.025 848.756 769.988 44.121 Texas 518.672 484.091 333.915 308.879 331.809 243.548 284.291 267.099 225.297 -56.563 Indiana 358.978 349.489 463.522 494.974 523.993 485.557 684.912 693.530 668.555 86.238 Michigan 438.949 465.743 576.551 580.696 591.036 461.887 641.489 664.864 621.613 41.614 1200 1000 800 OXYCODONE GRAMS/100,000 800...-.-•••.. 400 Lp"----o- 200 O~----~----~----~----~----~----~----~--~ 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1986 1988 1987 1988 YEAR I-OKLAHOMA -f- us Ava· ~ REalON Ava eew'ee. SOURCE: U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE, DEA 1200 OXYCODONE GRAMS/100,000 1000 ·d 800 800-.---~ 400 o~----~----~----~----~----~----~----~--~ 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1986 1988 1987 1988 YEAR SOURCE: U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE, DEA levorphanol % Change 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 80-88 U_S. NATIONAL AVERAGE 3.649 3.341 4.313 4.927 5.163 4.532 4.915 4.199 3.188 -12.634 Standard Deviation 2.935 2.537 3.373 3.965 4.335 3.768 3.597 2.890 2.394 -18.433 Region Average 2.719 3.003 3.385 3.743 3.813 3.775 5.112 4.132 3.498 28.617 Region St. Dev. 1.836 2.304 2.189 2.539 3.167 3.401 3.938 2.530 2.786 51.749 MCP Average 3.755 3.666 4.185 4.585 5.573 4.617 4.662 4.194 3.369 -10.275 MCP St. Dev. 3.089 2.683 2.651 3.105 2.891 2.800 2.760 2.466 2.400 -22.309 REGION NON-MCP STATES Oklahoma 7.012 6.046 7.624 6.693 7.451 4.493 6.298 5.906 5.874 -16.229 Arkansas 3.011 3.261 4.076 4.374 3.350 2.787 5.164 6.714 6.313 109.665 Kansas 1.073 1.341 1.520 1.523 2.671 3.304 4.495 3.848 1.839 71.389 louisiana 0.926 1.012 1.398 1.555 1.439 0.881 1.023 0.854 0.822 -11.231 Missouri 2.578 2.056 2.613 2.896 1.616 1.548 2.459 1.974 1.109 -56.982 Nebraska 6.009 7.344 7.317 8.369 9.990 10.355 12.419 7.272 7.405 23.232 MCP STATES Cal Hornia 2.225 2.386 3.427 3.258 4.533 2.532 2.841 2.711 2.575 15.730 Hawai i 1.720 2.085 2.104 2.970 7.471 8.013 5.730 6.649 4.598 167.326 Idaho 3.570 3.022 4.148 2.023 3.532 2.387 2.799 2.895 0.702 -80.336 Illinois 4.662 5.207 6.569 8.922 8.048 6.992 8.184 6.952 7.060 51.437 New York 9.964 8.790 9.181 9.558 9.922 7.833 8.631 7.006 6.000 -39.783 Rhode Island 0.387 0.504 0.612 0.985 0.665 0.393 0.590 0.270 0.290 -25.065 Texas 4.374 4.418 3.253 4.376 4.843 4.167 3.857 2.874 2.357 -46.113 Indiana 0.919 1.050 1.054 1.325 1.697 2.207 2.940 2.366 1.802 96.083 Michigan 4.004 3.982 5.312 5.007 5.205 4.082 3.427 3.885 2.597 -35.140 LEVORPHANOL 8 /' GRAMS/100,OOO i 8 4ll±:::- __ ~ 2 O~----~----~------~----~----~----~------~--~ 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1986 YEAR 1988· 1987 1988 I - OKLAHOMA* -;-~!.:!--.R-E.GION oW-=-.:-- M~::..-::J SOURCE: U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE, DEA / . LEVORPHANOL GRAMS/100,OOO 8 12 10 6 4 + 2 O~----~----~------~----~----~----~----~~--~ 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1986 YEAR. 1986 1987 1988 I - OKLAHOMA • M -+- US Ava . --*-ILLINOIS -B- NEW YORK .• WtNWM*¥8 . •••• W'M'''.'.' amp,. mH.1 SOURCE: U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE, DEA Meperidine (Pethidine) % Change 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 80-88 U.S. NATIONAL AVERAGE 3514.274 2769.931 3904.716 3656.613 3641.231 2827.137 3353.329 3128.502 2715.823 -22.720 Standard Deviation 830.002 804.944 1031.323 1043.259 1066.697 807.907 975.614 946.459 843.565 1.634 Region Average 3661.136 3005.548 3912.721 3772.252 3368.088 2582.172 3317.176 3190.720 2764.240 -24.498 Region St. Dev. 565.886 398.487 775.681 717.140 643.203 445.001 703.221 740.885 690.427 22..008 MCP Average 2787.995 2162.539 3036.893 2925.114 2812.909 2113.758 2437.782 2329.387 2025.205 -27.360 MCP St. Dev. 438.513 184.355 474.465 406.551 379.917 198.286 279.304 198.164 152.315 -65.266 REGION NON-MCP STATES Oklahoma 4477.515 3786.416 5196.893 4994.542 5189.195 3780.502 4534.121 4246.768 3460.058 -22.724 Arkansas 3939.551 3084.980 4278.957 4278.632 4092.220 2960.222 3879.970 3977.783 3525.077 -10.521 Kansas 3341.593 2791.158 3320.661 3120.139 2844.102 2085.127 2650.558 2516.552 2128.886 -36.291 Louisiana 4338.354 3517.617 5047.216 4757.414 4042.162 3079.485 4121.638 3893.683 3469.637 -20.024 Missouri 3959.768 3268.857 4100.187 3884.943 3396.337 2768.025 3606.731 3432.257 2877.071 -27.342 Nebraska 2726.412 2365.126 2816.584 2820.130 2465.619 2017.999 2326.984 2133.323 1820.531 -33.226 MCP STATES California 2883.524 2275.194 3232.274 3100.035 2934.991 2145.824 2749.069 2580.517 2266.687 -21.392 Hawaii 2241.015 1883.987 2159.034 2265.090 2385.793 1866.372 2037.183 2192.040 1811.936 -19.147 Idaho 2665.221 2214.189 3217.624 2987.465 2802.580 2222.898 2156.306 2192.899 1930.595 -27.563 Illinoi s 2562.845 2074.636 2670.775 2532.230 2316.598 1834.257 2216.607 2022.734 1892.234 -26.167 New York 2708.003 2060.129 3021.033 2869.688 2712.777 2117.030 2469.266 2270.308 1981.876 -26.814 Rhode Island 3667.361 2467.097 3155.055 3086.720 3003.416 2147.114 2682.739 2497.594 2164.450 -40.981 Texas 4033.943 3249.355 3802.458 3634.568 3534.211 2462.81-0 2753.303 2549.619 2128.659 -47.231 Indiana 3498.216 2942.490 3891.754 3546.941 3709.521 3040.395 3785.818 3159.388 2736.159 -21.784 Michigan 4170.147 3724.412 5418.833 5421.351 4762.241 3454.726 3943.843 3442.176 2970.585 -28.765 MEPERIDINE 6600 6000 4600 4000 3600 3000 2600 2000 1600 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 19861988 1987 ~988 YEARS I-OKLAHOMA -•f.•-•*U**S••J'NB --*- R&,EBIOwNe 1MB --13--HMi CP NisI"B''''I 80URCE: U.8. DEPT. OF JUSTICE, DEA MEPERIDINE 6000 5000 ! 4000 -~ 3000 '~ 2000 1000 o~----~----~----~----~----~~----~----~----~ 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 YEARS 1987 1988 I-OKLAHOMA * '-'Mf- US'i AVa -B---ILLINMOIS E*e, ---*- NE*W'IF.*YRO&RH&KI SOURCE: U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE, DEA Oxymorphone % Change 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 80-88 U.S. NATIONAL AVERAGE 0.828 1.047 0.864 0.725 0.735 0.561 0.686 0.574 0.439 -46.981 Standard Deviation 0.838 1.369 1.145 0.650 0.754 0.540 0.678 0.621 0.471 -43.795 Region Average 0.553 0.650 0.456 0.394 0.314 0.230 0.441 0.348 0.287 -48.156 Region St. Dev. 0.362 0.412 0.262 0.216 0.176 0.129 0.267 0.270 0.241 -33.473 MCP Average 1.268 1.902 1.683 0.993 0.993 0.806 1.083 0.925 0.605 -52.333 MCP St. Dev. 1.449 2.779 2.459 1.094 1.094 0.885 1.397 1.259 0.784 -45.920 REGION NON-MCP STATES Oklahoma 3.336 2.956 2.920 2.153 2.401 1.429 1.330 1.311 1.153 -65.438 Arkansas 0.164 0.298 0.166 0.159 0.159 0.173 0.612 0.498 0.344 109.756 Kansas 0.633 0.798 0.893 0.651 0.249 0.235 0.319 0.201 0.250 -60.506 Louisiana 0.306 0.324 0.400 0.382 0.382 0.149 0.304 0.095 0.029 -90.523 Missouri 0.457 0.438 0.235 0.153 0.153 0.118 0.105 0.138 0.097 -78.m Nebraska 1.206 1.392 0.587 0.625 0.625 0.477 0.867 0.810 0.714 -40.796 MCP STATES Cal Hornia 1.513 1.479 1.264 0.975 0.975 0.846 1.076 1.058 0.661 -56.312 Hawaii 0.094 0.008 0.054 0.047 0.047 0.046 0.077 0.032 0.004 -95.745 Idaho 4.279 8.024 7.576 3.524 3.524 2.813 4.•386 3.902 2.445 -42.860 III inois 0.305 0.914 0.511 0.531 0.531 0.241 0.122 0.091 0.105 -65.574 New York 1.234 0.754 0.818 0.939 0.939 0.567 0.729 0.640 0.509 -58.752 Rhode Island 0.185 0.231 0.073 0.073 0.073 0.125 0.261 0.220 0.103 -44.324 Texas 1.702 1.996 1.482 0.860 0.860 1.0f!3 0.927 0.534 0.405 -76.204 Indiana 0.212 0.281 0.480 0.581 0.581 0.204 0.180 0.184 0.191 -9.906 Michigan 0.562 0.537 0.603 0.564 0.564 0.448 0.612 0.651 0.594 5.694 I ~ 0.5 *--·-·-·~--·--~_i o"*_"._ ~ *-- . ~ ---*-".--.--- ..-..-.-.-'+: . .-.-.--.-- ~_. ._ .... _~-----.- """*,- ---:..J.t. o -~---TI 1980 1981 O\ I \ I I J 0 R0' I0 ~',- . \! }l~'" ' I! ~\ ! ! . Av 'r \1. •'I '~- iI"'\ ; ~ 1\ I j' I j l ! I I \~L 3.5~RA~/10l000 i 3 ~!1 I 2.5 1; , 1.5 ~ '---' r-·-----·-·--·-,-----------r----·--r----·-·--......---- ----j- --7-' 1982 1983 1984 1985 .1986 1987 1988 YEAR r---------- ...----------------. - ..-----..--.-------..---- ..-- ....--~--.--...0-_. -------.---.-- ----- '-- ..--.. ! - OKLMlOMA --+- us AYG -*- REGION AVG -B- Me? AVG L••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• SOURCE: U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICEa DEA 3.5 ,GRk~SJ100.000 , i 3 -1 2.51 1 2 ~ ! 0.5 ~ o +----..-~._-·--·-"-"-T"--···-·-"-.. · ,~·-·-----r·----"".--"-I~---"---"-'--""---T - -"'-~'-r"--"-"--" ---:-. 19BO 19B1 19B2 1983 19B4 19B5 .19B6 1987 19BB YEAR r--"------"--~-" --------.,-.---- ..-" ..-..-.--."---..---- -----...---" -------------, l- IlK1.AHOMA --+- us AVG. -B- ILLINOIS o-X- NE\f YOOK I SOURCE: U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTIC~ DEA |
Date created | 2011-11-08 |
Date modified | 2013-03-18 |
OCLC number | 834080467 |
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