Diversion of controlled pharmaceuticals : is there a problem in Oklahoma?

              THE DIVERSION OF CONTROLLED PHARMACEUTICALS:
IS THERE A PROBLEM IN OKLAHOMA?
Prepared for
The Oklahoma State Bureau of Narcotics
and Dangerous Drugs Control
by
Thomas E. James, Jr.
Brenda Rodriguez
Science ,and Public Policy Program
University of Oklahoma
January 1990
THE DIVERSION OF CONTROLLED PHARMACEUTICALS:
IS THEIR A PROBLEM IN OKLAHOMA?
INTRODUCTION
Drug abuse is a-major problem that has permeated all sectors
of our society. Daily, the media reports accounts of the
tragedies associated with the illegal sale and use of drugs. For
the most part, the stories we read and hear about pertain to such
things as the latest interdiction of an international cocaine or
heroin shipment, a drug ring selling crack to high school
students, a marijuana field discovered in the local countryside,
or a prominent public figure exposed as a dealer and/or user.
Increasingly, attention is being given to an element of the
drug abuse problem that receives sUbstantially less public
attention--the diversion and abuse of licitly manufactured
controlled pharmaceuticals (prescription drugs). These
diversions can result from illegal sales by dishonest health care
providers, indiscriminate prescribing practices, prescription
forgeries or alterations, theft, and "professional patient"
schemes. According the Drug Enforcement Agency of the U.S.
Department of Justice (1987):
o Of the 1.5 billion prescriptions dispensed annually,
several hundred million dosage units are diverted to
illicit use;
o The abuse of prescription drugs results in more injuries
and deaths than all illegal drugs combined;
The purpose of this report is to assess the degree to which
the diversion of prescription drugs is a potential problem in
Oklahoma. Specifically, the study will focus on Schedule II
substances--those with an accepted medical use and a high
potential for abuse, which could lead to severe psychic or
physical dependence.
In order to estimate the degree to which diversion of
Schedule II substances might be a problem, data to document the
flow of these drugs from supplier to dispenser to end user are
required. Although data are available to document the amount of
various Schedule II drugs delivered to authorized registrants in
Oklahoma, information to track the distribution of these
substances within the State is not readily available. However, a
qualitative judgement about the potential for diversion can be
developed based on the amount of Schedule II drugs delivered to
registrants in Oklahoma compared to national and regional trends.
That is, do Oklahomans consume more of these drugs per capita
than the nation as a whole or other states in this region?
In addition, consumption trends can be compared to states
that have implemented a Multiple Copy Prescription (MCP) program.
Nine states have implemented MCP programs in order to close the
data gap with respect to final drug distribution and acquire the
information necessary to control illegal diversion; several
additional states are considering similar initiatives (see
Appendix A). In general, MCP programs require that prescriptions
for certain controlled substances be written on multiple copy,
serially numbered, state-issued prescription forms. One copy is
kept by the prescriber, one is maintained in the files of the
dispenser, and one copy is forwarded by the dispenser to the
2
state authority responsible for controlled substances (e.g.,
Department of Public Safety or Bureau or Narcotics) .
The data for this analysis were taken from the Diversion
Analysis and Detection system (DADS) reports that are based on
the Automation of Reports and Consolidated Orders System (ARCOS)
data base prepared by the Drug Enforcement Agency of the U.S.
Department of Justice. The following sections describe
Oklahoma's per capita consumption of Schedule II substances from
1980-1988 and compare these trends to the national averages, the
region, and MCP states.
OKLAHOMA'S CONSUMPTION RANKINGS
Oklahoma ranks among the leading states in the consumption
of Schedule II drugs. In 1988, Oklahoma ranked among the top
five states in per capita consumption (grams per 100,000
popUlation) of four Schedule II drugs: Amobarbital, 3rd;
Methamphetamine, 4th; Dihydrocodeine, 4th; and Oxyrnorphone, 5th
(see Table 1). Only five states (Alabama, Massachusetts,
Vermont, Connecticut, Nevada) and the District of Columbia ranked
in the top five on more drugs than Oklahoma1• Similarly, only
five states (Ohio, Massachusetts, Vermont, connecticut, Nevada)
and the District of Columbia had more drugs ranked in the top 10
in per capita consumption than did Oklahoma. In addition to the
drugs mentioned above, Oklahoma's consumption of DL-Amphetamine
Base ranked eighth nationally in 1988, while Oklahoma ranked
ninth in consumption of Levorphanol and Meperidine.
3
TABLE 1: OKLAHOMA SCHEDULE II DRUG USE
Rank and Grams/100,000 Population
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988
STIMULANTS
DL-AHPHETAMINE 13 12 13 10 12 9 5 10 8
BASE 375.899 215.908 193.481 200.118 161.161 139.547 189.466 118.111 105.421
METHAMPHETAMINE 12 13 8 7 5 6 4 7 4
83.873 65.171 91. 901 101.465 126.772 80.236 84.293 48.495 37.882
PHENMETRAZINE 12 10 13 8 7 9 13 11 11
BASE 808.699 739.537 565.500 533.489 545.142 288.022 212.757 161.831 70.53
Methylphenidate 29 32 31 42 43 41 45 44 43
343.404 282.511 361. 643 344.405 351. 409 292.911 407.152 437.404 433.454
DEPRESSANTS
AMOBARBITAL 1 2 2 2 2 5 4 4 3
-l'- 982.667 749.058 714.353 547.387 454.496 267.242 287.467 242.184 185.706
Pentobarbital 21 28 24 18 20 26 27 28 29
2,815.043 2,340.836 2,996.878 3,201. 761 3,110.366 2,207.098 2,414.457 2,431.153 2,209.986
Secobarbital 26 28 30 32 28 . 33 36 29 38
1,328.382 1,025.381 978.955 815.764 755.605 481.811 438.719 379.833 228.924
NARCOTICS
Cocaine 28 36 45 48 48 45 33 37 24
156.148 122.913 123.875 75.702 69.466 82.573 112.610 100.191 115.097
Codeine Base 13 6 12 17 12 16 16 17 24
14,989.000 15,714.932 17,314.026 16,536.377 19,315.205 14,497.428 16,830.098 15,943.093 12,056.62
DIHYDROCODElNE 1 2 2 3 3 2 4 4 4
970.809 901. 294 1,045.095 1,035.423 951.029 643.778 519.445 396.769 279.173
DIHYDROGODEINONE 16 . 11 12 12 8 12 12 13 18
254.565 310.300 387.344 534.508 685.778 585.659 889.484 913.939 741.464
OXYCODONE 18 17 17 18 14 18 18 19 21
590.828 595.076 7pO.413 769.760 947.868 743.224 1,032.064 1,038.866 892.099
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988
Hydromorphonej 22 21 6 13 18 32 31 33 37
Dihydromorphinon 33.558 33.828 65.247 59.383 60.376 39.048 49.118 44.340 35.666
LEVORPHANOL 7 10 7 13 12 20 12 14 9
7.012 6.046 7.624 6.693 7.451 4.493 6.298 5.906 5.874
MEPERIDINE 7 4 6 7 4 5 4 5 9
(PETHIDINE) 4,477.515 3,786.416 5,196.89.3 4,994.542 5,189.195 3,780.502 4,534.121 4,246.768 3,460.058
Methadone 21 29 28 32 35 43 43 48 40
53.694 41.174 55.466 67.185 64.673 45.399 49.668 40.228 41. 447
Morphine 36 24 18 27 23 34 38 34 38
127.521 143.037 226.322 220.948 264.474 246.527 397.368 526.105 548.394
Nalorphine 27 8 20 41 48 18 42 41 31
.009 .017 .004 .009 .007 .005 .005 .002 .003
Opium Tincture 34 33 37 36 38 39 41 43 43 VI 115.476 98.307 100.698 89.449 96.370 61.714 60.668 55.730 40.778
Opium Powdered 30 25 28 30 36 41 41 39 42
28.021 27.416 30.255 26.929 21. 283 11.581 14.284 15.123 11.724
Mixed Alkaloids 20 28 23 26 23 23 14 19 18
of Opium 4.771 2.824 3.366 1.988 1. 912 1.239 2.873 1.660 1.163
OXYMORPHONE 2 5 2 2 4 4 6 4 5
3.336 2.956 2.920 2.153 2.401 1.429 1.330 1.311 1.153
Fentanyl 44 43 40 40 40 45 39 33 36
.375 .239 .466 .572 .577 .463 .765 .878 .692
Sufentanil 11 17 41 40 39
.016 .020 .024 .026 .032
Source: "Cumulative Quarterly Per-Capita Consumption of Drugs," Automated Records Consolidated Order System (ARCOS);
from Annual Reports 1980-1988.
Note: Oklahoma consistently ranked among the top 20 states in per-capita consumption for HIGHLIGHTED drugs.
Oklahoma's high ranking on per capita consumption of some
Schedule II drugs has been consistent throughout the decade of
the 1980s. Between 1980 and 1988, Oklahoma ranked no lower than
5th in per capita consumption of Amobarbital; for five years,
Oklahoma ranked either first or second. The State ranked no
lower than fourth in per capita consumption of dihydrocodeine
during this period and was among the top three states in
consumption for six of those years.
Each year from 1980 through 1988, Oklahoma ranked among the
top 13 states for seven of the Schedule II drugs (DL-Amphetamine,
Methamphetamine, Phenmetrazine, Amobarbital, Dihydrocodeine,
Meperidine, and Oxymorphone). During this period, Oklahoma's
consumption per capita ranked among the top 21 states for 10 of
the Schedule II drugs (Dihydrocodeinone, Oxycodone, and.
Levorphanol in addition to the seven just mentioned).
Although the per capita consumption of some of the higher
r~nking drugs has decreased, Oklahoma's ranking compared to other
states has increased. For example, in 1980 375.9 grams/100,000
of DL-Amphetamine Base were delivered to registrants in Oklahoma.
This decreased to 105.4 grams/100,OOO population in 1988.
However, Oklahoma's rank compared to other states increased from
thirteenth to eighth. Thus, while the State followed the general
national trend of decreased use, its rate of decrease was not as
.great as some of the other high use states. A similar pattern is
evident with Methamphetamine--grams/100,000 population decreased
6
from 83.9 in 1980 to 37.9 in 1988 but Oklahoma's ranking
increased from twelfth to fourth.
In other cases, Oklahoma's per capita consumption of high
ranking drugs decreased, the state's ranking relative to other
states also decreased, but Oklahoma remains among the highest
ranking states in per capita consumption. Consumption of
Amobarbital decreased from 982.7 grams/100,000 population in 1980
to 185.7 in 1988; however, Oklahoma's ranking only dropped from
first to third. Dihydrocodeine consumption dropped from 970.8
grams/100,000 population in 1980 to 279.2 in 1988, but Oklahoma
still ranked fourth in 1988, compared to first in 19802.
OKLAHOMA COMPARED TO U.S. AVERAGE, REGION, AND MCP STATES
Appendix B contains data and displays for the ten drugs for
which Oklahoma ranked consistently high in per capita use during
the 1980s (DL-Amphetamine Base, Methamphetamine, Phenmetrazine,
Amobarbital, Dihydrocodeine, Dihydrocodeinone, Oxycodone,
Levorphanol, Meperidine, Oxymorphone). Each table (one per drug)
includes the average consumption per capita for the U.S., the
region3, and MCP states4, as well as the values for Oklahoma and
the individual region and MCP states. Two figures (line graphs)
follow each table. Both figures include Oklahoma and the U.S.
average. The first figure also depicts the average values for
.the region and the MCP states; the second includes values for two
individual MCP states--Illinois and New York. These two states
7
have well-developed programs with a substantial history of
operation.
Although deviations may exist in a particular year or for a
particular drug, in general, the trends in per capita consumption
for the 10 drugs displayed reflect decreasing consumption from
1980 to 1988. This pattern is evident for Oklahoma, as well as
the nation, the region, and the MCP states. Per capita
consumption in Oklahoma always is greater than the average
consumption for the nation as a whole, the region, and the MCP
states. This is not unexpected gi~en that Oklahoma has
consistently ranked high on per capita consumption of these 10
drugs. However, it is interesting to note that, in most
instances, the average per capita consumption of the MCP states,
as well as the individual examples of Illinois and New York, is
below the u.s. average and the region average.5 Some states
without MCP programs do rank lower in per capita consumption
compared to the MCP states. Nevertheless, average per capita
consumption in states with MCP programs is consistently lower
than the U.S. average even though some of the states which are
frequently mentioned as having significant drug problems are
included (e.g., New York, California, Illinois). Further, the
values for the MCP states are included in the calculation of the
national average~ If these states were not included, the
difference in per capita consumption between the MCP states and
the national average would be even greater.6
8
CONCLUSION
The data presented in this report indicate that Oklahoma
does have reason for concern with respect to the potential
diversion of Schedule II prescription drugs. Over the nine year
period from 1980-1988, the State ranked among the top 21 states
for almost half of the Schedule II drugs. In 1988, Oklahoma
ranked among the top five states in per capita consumption of
four drugs and among the top ten for seven drugs. The
significance of this is highlighted when one considers that only
five other states and the District of Columbia ranked higher on
more drugs than Oklahoma. Two of those states (connecticut and
Massachusetts) and the District of Columbia are considering a MCP
program. Although the general trend in Oklahoma, as well as in
the region and the nation as a whole, reflects decreased per
capita consumption of many of the Schedule II drugs, Oklahoma
continues to be among the highest ranking states in the use of a
substantial number of the substances.
9
NOTES
1. Calculated from the ARCOS data 1988.
2. For many of the drugs for which Oklahoma has not ranked
among leading consuming states (e.g., Methylphenidate,
Secobarbital, Methadone, Morphine, Opium Tincture), its ranking
moved even lower from 1980 to 1988.
3. Included in the Region Average are Arkansas, Kansas,
Louisiana, Missouri, and Nebraska. These are states bordering
Oklahoma that are similar in culture and economy.
4. Included in the MCP States Average are California, Hawaii,
Idaho, Illinois, New York, Rhode Island, and Texas. The MCP
program in Texas was implemented in January, 1982 and data from
Texas are not included in the MCP average for 1980 and 1981. The
programs in Michigan and Indiana were not scheduled to go into
operation until 1989; consequently, they are not included in the
calculation of the MCP average.
5. In some cases, the MCP states average or the value for
Illinois or New York are not lower than the U.S. average or the
region average; see the displays for Dihydrocodeinone,
Levorphanol, and Oxymophone.
6. This analysis is not meant to imply that the MCP programs
that exist in some states are the only causal factor responsible
for reductions in consumption of Schedule II drugs in those
states. Other factors such as regional and national trends and
changes in health care practices (e.g., decreasing use of
amphetamines for the treatment of obesity) also must be taken
into consideration. Although trends and changes in practice that
are widespread affect both MCP and non-MCP states, MCP states
generally have lower consumption per capita than the national
average.
10
REFERENCES
U.S. Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration.
1987. Multiple Copy Prescription Programs Resource Guide.
Washington DC: The Department.
______ , Office of Diversion Control. Automation of Reports and
Consolidated Orders System, DADS Quarterly Reports, Fourth
Quarter. 1980-1988. Washington DC: The Department.
11
APPENDIX A:
MULTIPLE COpy
PRESCRIPTION STATES
Appendix A: Multiple Copy Prescription states
New York has the oldest multiple copy prescription program
(1913). The current triplicate prescription program was
initiated under the Controlled Substances Act of 1972 and was
implemented in 1977.
California multiple copy system has existed since 1940 in various
forms.
Hawaii passed implemented a duplicate prescription program in
1943 and retained it under the Uniform Controlled Substances Act
in 1972.
Illinois implemented an MCP program in 1961.
Idaho incorporated a triplicate prescription program into their
narcotics and dangerous drug law in 1972.
Rhode Island has required pharmacies to report specific
information to the state narcotics board since 1939 and
implemented a duplicate prescription program in 1978.
Texas implemented a triplicate prescription program January 1,
1982.
Indiana implemented a triplicate prescription program July 31,
1989.
Michigan implemented a triplicate prescription program August 1,
1989.
other states considering implementation of a Multiple Copy
Prescription program include: Connecticut, District of Columbia,
Florida, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, West
Virginia, and Washington.
APPENDIX B:
PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION
OF SCHEDULE II DRUGS:
Dl-Amphetamine Base
% Change
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 80-88
U.S. NATIONAL AVERAGE 287.375 146.552 153.243 137.382 123.140 90.549 102.861 88.261 69.505 -75.814
Standard Deviation 229.388 102.708 114.026 100.668 101.434 73.233 83.755 55.097 38.714 -83.123
Region Average 256.386 139.805 124.403 103.130 81.276 58.882 75.808 60.911 58.166 -n.313
Region St. Dev. 140.205 75.479 65.597 51.337 47.860 35.525 47.779 52.948 40.276 -71.273
MCP Average 297.461 104.580 123.169 99.763 94.734 69.849 81.369 75.040 61.717 -79.252
MCP St. Dev. 148.069 58.436 46.130 57.038 30.618 22.847 32.360 30.569 23.696 -83.996
REGION NON-MCP STATES
Oklahoma 375.899 215.909 193.481 200.118 161.161 139.547 189.466 118.111 105.421 -71.955
Arkansas 26.322 19.934 30.008 32.886 30.271 21.823 28.514 24.921 21.261 -19.227
Kansas 247.483 150.255 117.774 100.556 65.036 37.405 46.545 45.353 38.302 -84.523
louisiana 346.n2 161.233 148.362 109.925 71.849 51.319 63.970 57.201 45.495 -86.880
Missouri 444.848 253.360 230.080 190.964 172.336 125.352 166.233 162.497 136.376 -69.343
Nebraska 216.503 114.242 95.791 81.318 66.886 58.509 73.780 14.581 49.395 -n .185
MCP STATES
Cal ifornia 563.833 161.041 179.078 181.858 117.131 82.574 102.316 96.616 82.731 -85.327
Hawai i 160.693 50.873 54.383 52.328 47.693 35.706 38.344 31.672 26.899 -83.261
Idaho 170.931 81.840 92.427 73.407 86.258 70.293 81..668 79.884 69.476 -59.354
Illinois 208.912 119.668 135.358 138.824 106.459 83.255 84.252 74.067 62.809 -69.935
New York 255.396 24.384 n.061 71.394 62.972 47.666 56.937 54.266 45.395 -82.226
Rhode Island 425.002 189.671 182.093 160.120 145.980 109.337 144.843 133.055 101.702 -76.070
Texas 427.003 242.343 141.786 120.174 96.645 60.113 61.221 55.722 43.006 -89.928
Indiana 483.303 298.nO 261.649 203.953 206.326 153.326 183.648 181.572 71.222 -85.263
Michigan 373.819 226.163 202.692 194.388 200.004 110.466 58.842 52.378 50.929 -86.376
DL-AMPHETAMINE BASE
GRAMS/100,000
400
100
300
200
O+-----~----~----~----~----~----~------~--~
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1986 1988
YEAR
1987 1988
'''eseriNe,!,'? 5 -W 'WWH,*tttt'dW't1
?W
-OKLAHOMA --+- US AVB . ---.- REBION NIB
SOURCE:U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE, DEA
DL-AMPHETAMINE BASE
GRAU8/100,000
400
100
300
200
-~-I~ /
O+-----~----~----~----~----~------~----~--~
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1986
YEAR
1988 1987 1988
- OKLAHOMA -+- US NIB· --*- ILLINOIS -a- NEW YORK "I
'W-MtitlMW1M§WMWlfMM hE ''M'M'twkM¥WUWN'M@ 'lft$seMVMI¥5'MWWI
SOURCE: U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE, DEA
Methamphetamine
% Change
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 80-88
U_S. NATIONAL AVERAGE 58.979 52.174 58.538 53.462 45.919 26.772 26.737 18.580 12.404 -78.969
Standard Deviation 66.070 81.091 96.909 88.824 69.355 35.312 37.427 19.835 12.762 -80.684
Region Average 70.886 63.825 70.763 53.928 30.448 18.600 23.032 17.953 11.295 -84.065
Region St. Dev. 56.671 52.683 67.006 47.917 18.184 11.704 16.012 11.546 6.246 -88.979
MCP Average 48.871 28.202 32.661 23.627 23.400 14.749 15.282 12.907 9.888 -79.768
MCP St. Dev. 22.221 8.251 14.549 9.292 14.058 8.472 7.616 7.148 5.474 -75.368
REGION NON-MCP STATES
Oklahoma 83.873 65.171 91.901 101.465 126.772 80.236 84.293 48.495 37.882 -54.834
Arkansas 5.045 3.217 6.346 5.766 4.465 2.806 4.037 2.498 1.899 -62.359
Kansas 41.188 38.459 35.372 30_194 18_655 6.939 8.142 8.673 7.038 -82.912
Louisiana 172.934 159.488 199.115 145.585 58.605 31.307 47.498 34.754 19.273 -88.855
Missouri 81.883 72.440 65.580 44.683 35.281 22.147 22.429 18.191 12.028 -85.311
Nebraska 53.379 45.522 47.403 43.410 35.232 29.801 33.054 25.647 16.239 -69.578
MCP STATES
Cal ifornia 89.397 29.330 32.550 24.762 21.890 14.814 15.638 14.581 10.883 -87.826
Hawaii 53.531 31.981 39.810 21.363 22.695 11.642 12.338 11.023 6.536 -87.790
Idaho 50.402 43.207 47.358 39.036 54.105 33.842 32.758 29.145 22.361 -55.635
Illinois 18.231 16.715 16.800 15.890 11.819 8.787 11.353 10.198 8.676 -52.411
New York 51.516 24.384 12.049 11.740 8.368 6.272 6.961 5:594 4.011 -92.214
Rhode Island 30.149 23.593 25.376 17.780 16.295 10.819 12.615 7.811 7.561 -74.921
Texas 96.822 101.649 54.684 34.816 28.628 17.065 15.314 11.999 9.186 -90.512
Indiana 112.360 84.131 114.907 93.542 63.718 37.291 62.129 48.785 16.489 -85.325
Michigan 356.665 541.254 648.802 575.702 347.978 55.139 1.457 1.112 0.861 -99.759
140
120
100
DL-METHAMPHETAMI IE
GRAMS/100.000
80
80
40
20
O+-----~----~----~----~----~----~------~--~
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1986 1988· 1987
YEAR
1988
I - OKLAHOMA -j-- US NlQ -*- REQION NlQ . --E!-- MOP NlQl g'e·, *fM&t*"iLitiW1i'ASVMWtvW''''·'.f.liMd "'M;,eweeWMS4iMMwmW"Mteel%@"Yt%MfSf
SOURCE: U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE, DEA
140
120
100
DL-METHAMPHETAMINE
GRAMS/100,000
80
60 -
40 ~.
+-----+----- 20r-~~~===*~~~~~~==~~~ O~----~----~----~----~~----~----~----~----~
1980 1981 1983 1984 1985
YEAR
1982 1986 1987 1988
I - OKLAHOMA -+- US ING --a-- ILLINOIS -*- NEW YORK I FW,·WMMf1*Mawwuapwr_.-i_ '_*wsee, ;,nl'* ',5 **§',
SOURCE: U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE, DEA
Phervnetrazine
% Change
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 80-88
u.s. NATIONAL AVERAGE 591. 102 461.083 366.072 304.906 230.693 143.739 148.139 99.418 56.635 -90.419
Standard Deviation 532.468 471.310 344.751 318.449 245.945 191.453 217.974 134.311 86.821 -83.695
Region Average 726.745 577.404 411.710 262.119 155.952 71.749 60.814 47.039 33.392 -95.405
Region St. Dev. 482.880 306.968 200.957 134.274 81.693 48.127 59.157 49.190 34.983 -92.755
MCP Average 529.349 396.739 295.335 254.018 198.000 110.768 96.304 64.530 32.658 -93.831
MCP St. Dev. 381.191 283.555 215.845 227.047 169.618 91.573 .73.756 49.230 23.929 -93.723
REGION NON-MCP STATES
Oklahoma 808.699 739.537 565.500 533.489 545.142 288.077 212.757 161.831 70.353 -91.300
Arkansas 27.211 24.944 13.787 7.438 10.612 4.678 6.098 5.826 5.561 -79.563
Kansas 888.524 755.779 519.911 402.591 238.150 77.650 9.185 6.124 5.868 -99.340
louisiana '. 1501.413 833.148 ~-';559.016 312.357 144.563 59.157 71.192 55.904 42.381 -97.177
Missouri 503.004 460.918 486.684 316.275 157.294 62.975 49.105 29.065 15.154 -96.987
Nebraska 713.575 812.231 479.150 271.932 229.142 154.286 168.488 138.276 97.994 -86.267
MCP STATES
California 1351.494 1019.545 757.433 772.204 574.017 303.895 246.098 162.015 69.459 -94.861
Hawaii 391.494 236.787 154.922 173.186 133.864 73.241 46.699 32.330 15.566 -96.024
Idaho 375.602 198.564 163.200 122.345 121.247 62.764 55.307 36.664 14.914 -96.029
Illinois 543.708 324.936 290.867 264.393 222.713 146.844 140.575 108.944 67.982 -87.497
New York 304.913 245.898 32.667 26.289 20.585 11.423 12.510 9~646 5.366 -98.240
Rhode Island 208.883 354.706 292.961 130.497 71.598 35.995 52.376 38.797 29.098 -86.070
Texas 959.016 642.220 375.294 289.209 241.976 141.212 120.566 63.311 26.222 -97.266
Indiana 844.168 676.512 649.848 518.904 344.866 259.697 344.402 234.994 84.139 -90.033
Michigan 3395.183 3052.444 1794.973 1603.413 966.581 . 121.303 3.610 0.685 0.891 -99.974
1000
800
600
400
200
PHENMETRAZINE
GRAMS/100,000
.,,
04-----~----~----~----~----~----~~----~--~
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987
YEAR
1988
SOURCE: U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE, DEA
1000
PHENMETRAZINE
GRAMS/100.000
800-,---
600
400
200
O~--~----~====~==~~~~====#===~~===@
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1986 1986 1987 1988
YEAR
-OKLAHOMA -+- US AVa
f4tl
SOURCE: U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE. DEA
Amobarbi tal
% Change
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 80-88
u.s. NATIONAL AVERAGE 344.649 265.524 260.064 224.333 190.603 133.767 136.076 110.217 82.487 -76.066
Standard Deviation 209.263 164.025 154.635 124.371 103.644 73.129 76.683 64.487 47.865 -n.127
Region Average 459.300 365.574 345.169 271.351 208.639 152.043 166.374 136.814 95.171 -79.279
Region St. Dev. 269.438 220.742 204.143 160.394 133.811 100.721 110.990 96.971 66.191 -75.434
MCP Average 276.678 194.396 199.278 154.323 125.791 84.574 88.385 78.465 58.568 -78.832
MCP St. Dev. 130.264 101.329 88.042 69.678 48.712 34.532 ·33.792 34.740 25.012 -80.799
REGION NON-MCP STATES
Oklahoma 982.667 749.058 714.353 547.387 454.496 267.242 287.467 242.184 185.706 -81.102
Arkansas 237.469 128.053 130.780 114.862 102.666 64.903 65.731 47.371 32.089 -86.487
Kansas 618.510 427.151 390.688 276.694 241.669 153.787 140.223 121.939 74.198 -88.004
louisiana 247.844 226.619 201.757 164.152 101.952 72.n6 82.025 64.210 47.408 -80.872
Missouri 917.395 762.332 714.630 572.645 456.0n 342.279 375.327 319.810 218.166 -76.219
Nebraska 275.284 283.713 287.990 228.403 140.832 126.469 168.564 130.740 103.994 -62.223
MCP STATES
California 329.002 197.529 234.000 179.643 167.799 115.742 114.210 107.995 74.533 -n.346
Hawaii 68.132 50.5n 69.156 50.6n 51.904 36.526 41.333 23.n9 18.3n -73.027
Idaho 123.762 95.628 99.618 79.1n 70.613 41.640 56.348 50.868 45.952 -62.871
Illinois 369.039 316.013 292.837 265.835 182.226 129.306 143.659 128.601 100.380 -72.800
New York 375.nl 184.674 201.942 166.007 145.575 98.812 100.810 92~922 68.982 -81.643
Rhode Island 394.363 321.955 327.898 213.761 167.998 107.579 100.817 95.252 64.569 -83.627
Texas 2n.809 213.709 169.497 125.160 94.425 62.413 61.515 49.840 37.184 -86.615
Indiana 358.082 259.446 252.733 189.142 178.718 125.4n 119.883 100.299 91.838 -74.353
Michigan 825.851 670.607 661.456 537.854 430.536 280.146 287.435 231.247 173.508 -78.990
AMOBARBITAL
1000 GRAM8/100,000
200
800
800
400
o~----~----~----~----~----~----~----~----~
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1986 1988 1987 1988
YEAR
I - OKLAHOMA -+- US mG -l¥- REGIONmG --e- MCP mG -.
t1 Ii 'wwmWMM'W'Mtn" 'id ,&••. *1&.'# MWWWWMWRMI
SOURCE: U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE, DEA
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
AMOBARBITAL
GRAMS/100,OOO
O~----~----~----~----~----~----~~----~--~
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
YEARS
1987 1988
[=-OKLAHOMA --+-- US Ava· -B-ILLINOIS
SOURCE: U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE, DEA
Dihydrocodeine
% Change
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 80-88
U_S_ NATIONAL AVERAGE 304_725 282.351 338.589 353.081 330.001 217.513 206.517 165.156 117.090 -61.575
Standard Deviation 215.782 207.299 249.530 257.136 237.746 161.484 143.119 114.081 85.302 -60.468
Region Average 518.430 501.494 552.628 579.836 498.152 344.785 327.895 262.269 191.462 -63.069
Region St. Dev. 275.583 274.473 326.307 329.942 294.766 213.647 182.178 138.530 109.775 -60.166
MCP Average 228.510 149.994 308.253 322.866 325.975 200.649 195.729 159.743 113.216 -50.455
MCP St. Dev. 245.589 90.034 305.310 317.314 292.373 181.210 161.844 131.582 92.189 -62.462
REGION NON-MCP STATES
Oklahoma 970.809 901.294 1045.095 1035.423 951.029 643.778 519.445 396.769 279.173 -71.243
Arkansas 961.377 938.177 1081.036 1110.319 998.003 708.368 645.092 517.414 398.615 -58.537
Kansas 318.319 288.878 321.957 318.699 278.042 177.207 187.207 150.804 105.747 -66.780
Louisiana 723.191 713.416 790.426 827.198 675.750 470.741 421.444 301.353 206.506 -71.445
Missouri 268.318 263.185 287.013 318.253 272.339 172.509 180.215 160.866 108.165 -59.688
Nebraska 320.945 303.816 282.707 324.710 266.627 195.098 205.518 180.909 138.276 -56.916
MCP STATES
Cal if orn ie 228.698 218.853 320.861 321.215 330.666 208.747 206.333 176.236 123.798 -45.868
Hawaii 6.792 5.437 13.876 14.959 9.319 7.299 7.090 5.552 8.122 19.582
Idaho 752.152 271.788 399.095 374.198 472.733 298.861 302.760 252.794 174.897 -76.747
IIIinois 198.160 179.519 216.642 225.032 187.937 118.657 133.613 117.091 86.408 -56.395
New York 111.023 159.264 149.686 152.555 146.104 95.005 93.725 71.865 49.654 -55.276
Rhode Island 74.235 65.100 66.959 122.230 174.828 85.838 96.157 68.997 47.967 -35.385
Texas 685.797 674.892 990.654 1049.873 960.238 590.134 530.428 425.666 301.668 -56.012
Indiana 438.613 509.775 545.027 539.063 447.889 275.278 297.515 238.755 184.607 -57.911
Michigan 276.524 274.671 280.988 253.612 232.298 147.887 158.050 125.590 94.015 -66.001
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
DIHYDROCODEINE
GRAMS/100,000
O+-----~----~----~----~----~----~----~----~
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
YEAR
1987 1988
SOURCE: U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE, DEA .:
DIHYDROCODEINE
GRAMS/100,000
1200
600
O+-----~----~----~----~----~------~----~--~
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987
YEAR
1988
1000
800
400
I-OKLAHOMA
'"PMIhd *8'*6; -'••
--+-- US Ava -B-ILLINOIS --*- NEW YORKI
SOURCE: U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE, DEA
Dihydrocodeinone
% Change
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 80-88
u.s. NATIONAL AVERAGE 210.685 234.629 292.626 414.840 495.771 490.943 682.043 700.078 624.273 196.306
Standard Deviation 81.179 94.185 137.982 197.025 239.478 257.635 352.950 396.154 409.080 403.923
Region Average 224.872 286.278 344.926 519.173 583.950 561.979 814.613 850.520 720.718 220.501
Region St. Dev. 61.883 92.550 160.161 213.251 249.490 211.581 341.928 356.477 356.208 475.611
MCP Average 223.664 235.337 329.569 432.467 542.506 544.221 747.218 823.134 737.446 229.711
MCP St. Dev. 87.855 80.683 104.902 183.156 239.824 212.723 306.108 323.246 339.385 286.299
REGION NON-MCP STATES
Oklahoma 254.565 310.300 387.344 534.508 685.778 585.659 889.484 913.939 747.464 193.624
Arkansas 276.782 312.176 481.790 738.659 890.630 815.314 1163.711 1177.338 1092.309 294.646
Kansas 176.416 177.953 192.003 296.753 346.571 316.750 446.419 482.903 389.254 120.646
Louisiana 318.826 448.587 589.621 810.948 882.263 814.380 1285.746 1370.386 1210.459 279.661
Missouri 192.503 267.408 238.560 412.753 446.328 462.381 627.345 675.850 511.676 165.802
Nebraska 159.833 225.265 222.654 336.751 353.960 401.070 549.846 546.125 399.892 150.194
MCP STATES
Cal iforrrie 206.374 245.697 335.275 407.644 544.188 553.087 757.333 986.606 1068.707 417.850
Hawaii 117.858 124.662 149.039 234.940 380.528 557.275 564.967 704.127 353.460 199.903
Idaho 399.091 374.040 398.900 435.836 577.456 571.988 821.388 926.364 962.037 141.057
Illinois 171.638 201.274 268.287 314.499 272.755 263.289 398.155 440.499 436.959 154.582
New York 197.664 177.075 252.063 242.994 276.333 257.949 364.496 340.440 302.958 53.269
Rhode Island 249.361 289.274 450.860 753.995 792.841 700.635 1114.492 1035.379 844.311 238.590
Texas 255.804 320.188 452.556 637.363 953.440 905.327 1209.694 1328.526 1193.693 366.644
Indiana 222.615 292.042 325.711 463.511 516.089 514.879 790.674 781.363 766.861 244.479
Michigan 180.527 273.739 209.967 345.221 406.414 . 381.933 595.863 596.352 379.932 110.457
1000
800
600
400
200
DIHYDROCODEINONE
GRAMS/100,OOO
O~----~----~----~----~----~----~----~-----'
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1986 1986 1987 1988
YEAR
I-OKLAHOMA
SOURCE: U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE, DEA
DIHYDROCODEINONE
GRAMS/100,OOO
1000
800
800
400
2001lt:::=----===1fi--
+-
O~----~----~----~----~----~----~----~----~
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1986 1988 1987 1988
YEAR
-f--. us NIB ---+- ILLINOISm -a- NEWYOR~} I-OKLAHOMA
5
SOURCE: U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE, DEA
Oxycodone
% Change
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 80-88
U.S. NATIONAL AVERAGE 530.288 503.687 651.565 697.569 765.m 668.733 898.329 916.604 844.137 59.185
Standard Deviation 217.182 206.875 288.792 294.307 332.807 284.823 374.509 384.111 357.686 64.694
Region Average 436.527 440.808 528.616 537.746 541.765 474.030 670.546 693.853 640.234 46.665
Region St. Oev. 122.594 142.829 164.684 149.364 112.647 94.316 138.966 107.554 100.178 -18.285
MCP Average 376.126 349.675 416.764 440.277 474.824 406.123 510.864 523.173 474.756 26.223
MCP St. Dev. 123.553 118.008 137.592 165.753 177.129 166.751 215.490 237.014 227.723 84.313
REGION NON-MCP STATES
Oklahoma 590.828 595.076 760.413 769.760 947.868 743.224 1032.064 1038.866 892.099 50.991
Arkansas 255.011 245.648 307.740 336.522 381.643 334.895 487.832 559.689 519.819 103.842
Kansas 361.059 360.507 428.124 434.004 452.430 389.148 539.120 615.845 561.000 55.376
Louisiana 620.459 675.420 803.465 779.142 701.864 576.669 867.878 857.236 791.048 27.494
Missouri 474.486 433.059 544.975 570.624 596.513 532.175 737.256 772.425 716.916 51.093
Nebraska 471.620 489.405 558.774 568.436 576.374 537.264 720.646 664.071 612.388 29.848
MCP STATES
California 397.524 379.158 490.022 479.122 510.018 403.187 528.509 525.697 471.588 18.631
Hawaii 485.683 391.453 532.594 651.959 697.203 676.992 817.557 840.768 812.113 67.211
Idaho 346.059 319.968 368.465 350.938 440.618 398.805 464.353 497.668 442.732 27.935
Illinois 147.436 139.405 160.684 176.056 165.675 152.588 187.254 177.048 162.516 10.228
New York 345.792 330.080 417.512 449.188 476.169 387.934 514.059 505;178 439.059 26.972
Rhode Island 534.264 537.986 614.155 665.799 702.273 579.808 780.025 848.756 769.988 44.121
Texas 518.672 484.091 333.915 308.879 331.809 243.548 284.291 267.099 225.297 -56.563
Indiana 358.978 349.489 463.522 494.974 523.993 485.557 684.912 693.530 668.555 86.238
Michigan 438.949 465.743 576.551 580.696 591.036 461.887 641.489 664.864 621.613 41.614
1200
1000
800
OXYCODONE
GRAMS/100,000
800...-.-•••..
400 Lp"----o-
200
O~----~----~----~----~----~----~----~--~
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1986 1988 1987 1988
YEAR
I-OKLAHOMA -f- us Ava· ~ REalON Ava
eew'ee.
SOURCE: U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE, DEA
1200
OXYCODONE
GRAMS/100,000
1000 ·d
800
800-.---~
400
o~----~----~----~----~----~----~----~--~
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1986 1988 1987 1988
YEAR
SOURCE: U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE, DEA
levorphanol
% Change
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 80-88
U_S. NATIONAL AVERAGE 3.649 3.341 4.313 4.927 5.163 4.532 4.915 4.199 3.188 -12.634
Standard Deviation 2.935 2.537 3.373 3.965 4.335 3.768 3.597 2.890 2.394 -18.433
Region Average 2.719 3.003 3.385 3.743 3.813 3.775 5.112 4.132 3.498 28.617
Region St. Dev. 1.836 2.304 2.189 2.539 3.167 3.401 3.938 2.530 2.786 51.749
MCP Average 3.755 3.666 4.185 4.585 5.573 4.617 4.662 4.194 3.369 -10.275
MCP St. Dev. 3.089 2.683 2.651 3.105 2.891 2.800 2.760 2.466 2.400 -22.309
REGION NON-MCP STATES
Oklahoma 7.012 6.046 7.624 6.693 7.451 4.493 6.298 5.906 5.874 -16.229
Arkansas 3.011 3.261 4.076 4.374 3.350 2.787 5.164 6.714 6.313 109.665
Kansas 1.073 1.341 1.520 1.523 2.671 3.304 4.495 3.848 1.839 71.389
louisiana 0.926 1.012 1.398 1.555 1.439 0.881 1.023 0.854 0.822 -11.231
Missouri 2.578 2.056 2.613 2.896 1.616 1.548 2.459 1.974 1.109 -56.982
Nebraska 6.009 7.344 7.317 8.369 9.990 10.355 12.419 7.272 7.405 23.232
MCP STATES
Cal Hornia 2.225 2.386 3.427 3.258 4.533 2.532 2.841 2.711 2.575 15.730
Hawai i 1.720 2.085 2.104 2.970 7.471 8.013 5.730 6.649 4.598 167.326
Idaho 3.570 3.022 4.148 2.023 3.532 2.387 2.799 2.895 0.702 -80.336
Illinois 4.662 5.207 6.569 8.922 8.048 6.992 8.184 6.952 7.060 51.437
New York 9.964 8.790 9.181 9.558 9.922 7.833 8.631 7.006 6.000 -39.783
Rhode Island 0.387 0.504 0.612 0.985 0.665 0.393 0.590 0.270 0.290 -25.065
Texas 4.374 4.418 3.253 4.376 4.843 4.167 3.857 2.874 2.357 -46.113
Indiana 0.919 1.050 1.054 1.325 1.697 2.207 2.940 2.366 1.802 96.083
Michigan 4.004 3.982 5.312 5.007 5.205 4.082 3.427 3.885 2.597 -35.140
LEVORPHANOL
8
/'
GRAMS/100,OOO i 8
4ll±:::- __ ~
2
O~----~----~------~----~----~----~------~--~
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1986
YEAR
1988· 1987 1988
I - OKLAHOMA* -;-~!.:!--.R-E.GION oW-=-.:-- M~::..-::J
SOURCE: U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE, DEA / .
LEVORPHANOL
GRAMS/100,OOO
8
12
10
6
4
+
2
O~----~----~------~----~----~----~----~~--~
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1986
YEAR.
1986 1987 1988
I - OKLAHOMA
• M
-+- US Ava . --*-ILLINOIS -B- NEW YORK .•
WtNWM*¥8 . •••• W'M'''.'.' amp,. mH.1
SOURCE: U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE, DEA
Meperidine
(Pethidine) % Change
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 80-88
U.S. NATIONAL AVERAGE 3514.274 2769.931 3904.716 3656.613 3641.231 2827.137 3353.329 3128.502 2715.823 -22.720
Standard Deviation 830.002 804.944 1031.323 1043.259 1066.697 807.907 975.614 946.459 843.565 1.634
Region Average 3661.136 3005.548 3912.721 3772.252 3368.088 2582.172 3317.176 3190.720 2764.240 -24.498
Region St. Dev. 565.886 398.487 775.681 717.140 643.203 445.001 703.221 740.885 690.427 22..008
MCP Average 2787.995 2162.539 3036.893 2925.114 2812.909 2113.758 2437.782 2329.387 2025.205 -27.360
MCP St. Dev. 438.513 184.355 474.465 406.551 379.917 198.286 279.304 198.164 152.315 -65.266
REGION NON-MCP STATES
Oklahoma 4477.515 3786.416 5196.893 4994.542 5189.195 3780.502 4534.121 4246.768 3460.058 -22.724
Arkansas 3939.551 3084.980 4278.957 4278.632 4092.220 2960.222 3879.970 3977.783 3525.077 -10.521
Kansas 3341.593 2791.158 3320.661 3120.139 2844.102 2085.127 2650.558 2516.552 2128.886 -36.291
Louisiana 4338.354 3517.617 5047.216 4757.414 4042.162 3079.485 4121.638 3893.683 3469.637 -20.024
Missouri 3959.768 3268.857 4100.187 3884.943 3396.337 2768.025 3606.731 3432.257 2877.071 -27.342
Nebraska 2726.412 2365.126 2816.584 2820.130 2465.619 2017.999 2326.984 2133.323 1820.531 -33.226
MCP STATES
California 2883.524 2275.194 3232.274 3100.035 2934.991 2145.824 2749.069 2580.517 2266.687 -21.392
Hawaii 2241.015 1883.987 2159.034 2265.090 2385.793 1866.372 2037.183 2192.040 1811.936 -19.147
Idaho 2665.221 2214.189 3217.624 2987.465 2802.580 2222.898 2156.306 2192.899 1930.595 -27.563
Illinoi s 2562.845 2074.636 2670.775 2532.230 2316.598 1834.257 2216.607 2022.734 1892.234 -26.167
New York 2708.003 2060.129 3021.033 2869.688 2712.777 2117.030 2469.266 2270.308 1981.876 -26.814
Rhode Island 3667.361 2467.097 3155.055 3086.720 3003.416 2147.114 2682.739 2497.594 2164.450 -40.981
Texas 4033.943 3249.355 3802.458 3634.568 3534.211 2462.81-0 2753.303 2549.619 2128.659 -47.231
Indiana 3498.216 2942.490 3891.754 3546.941 3709.521 3040.395 3785.818 3159.388 2736.159 -21.784
Michigan 4170.147 3724.412 5418.833 5421.351 4762.241 3454.726 3943.843 3442.176 2970.585 -28.765
MEPERIDINE
6600
6000
4600
4000
3600
3000
2600
2000
1600
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 19861988 1987 ~988
YEARS
I-OKLAHOMA -•f.•-•*U**S••J'NB --*- R&,EBIOwNe 1MB --13--HMi CP NisI"B''''I
80URCE: U.8. DEPT. OF JUSTICE, DEA
MEPERIDINE
6000
5000
!
4000
-~
3000 '~
2000
1000
o~----~----~----~----~----~~----~----~----~
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
YEARS
1987 1988
I-OKLAHOMA
*
'-'Mf- US'i AVa -B---ILLINMOIS E*e, ---*- NE*W'IF.*YRO&RH&KI
SOURCE: U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE, DEA
Oxymorphone
% Change
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 80-88
U.S. NATIONAL AVERAGE 0.828 1.047 0.864 0.725 0.735 0.561 0.686 0.574 0.439 -46.981
Standard Deviation 0.838 1.369 1.145 0.650 0.754 0.540 0.678 0.621 0.471 -43.795
Region Average 0.553 0.650 0.456 0.394 0.314 0.230 0.441 0.348 0.287 -48.156
Region St. Dev. 0.362 0.412 0.262 0.216 0.176 0.129 0.267 0.270 0.241 -33.473
MCP Average 1.268 1.902 1.683 0.993 0.993 0.806 1.083 0.925 0.605 -52.333
MCP St. Dev. 1.449 2.779 2.459 1.094 1.094 0.885 1.397 1.259 0.784 -45.920
REGION NON-MCP STATES
Oklahoma 3.336 2.956 2.920 2.153 2.401 1.429 1.330 1.311 1.153 -65.438
Arkansas 0.164 0.298 0.166 0.159 0.159 0.173 0.612 0.498 0.344 109.756
Kansas 0.633 0.798 0.893 0.651 0.249 0.235 0.319 0.201 0.250 -60.506
Louisiana 0.306 0.324 0.400 0.382 0.382 0.149 0.304 0.095 0.029 -90.523
Missouri 0.457 0.438 0.235 0.153 0.153 0.118 0.105 0.138 0.097 -78.m
Nebraska 1.206 1.392 0.587 0.625 0.625 0.477 0.867 0.810 0.714 -40.796
MCP STATES
Cal Hornia 1.513 1.479 1.264 0.975 0.975 0.846 1.076 1.058 0.661 -56.312
Hawaii 0.094 0.008 0.054 0.047 0.047 0.046 0.077 0.032 0.004 -95.745
Idaho 4.279 8.024 7.576 3.524 3.524 2.813 4.•386 3.902 2.445 -42.860
III inois 0.305 0.914 0.511 0.531 0.531 0.241 0.122 0.091 0.105 -65.574
New York 1.234 0.754 0.818 0.939 0.939 0.567 0.729 0.640 0.509 -58.752
Rhode Island 0.185 0.231 0.073 0.073 0.073 0.125 0.261 0.220 0.103 -44.324
Texas 1.702 1.996 1.482 0.860 0.860 1.0f!3 0.927 0.534 0.405 -76.204
Indiana 0.212 0.281 0.480 0.581 0.581 0.204 0.180 0.184 0.191 -9.906
Michigan 0.562 0.537 0.603 0.564 0.564 0.448 0.612 0.651 0.594 5.694
I ~ 0.5 *--·-·-·~--·--~_i o"*_"._ ~ *-- . ~ ---*-".--.--- ..-..-.-.-'+: . .-.-.--.-- ~_. ._ .... _~-----.- """*,- ---:..J.t.
o -~---TI 1980 1981
O\ I \ I I J 0 R0' I0 ~',- . \! }l~'" ' I! ~\ ! !
. Av 'r \1. •'I '~- iI"'\ ; ~ 1\ I j' I j l ! I I \~L
3.5~RA~/10l000
i 3 ~!1
I 2.5 1;
,
1.5 ~
'---' r-·-----·-·--·-,-----------r----·--r----·-·--......---- ----j- --7-'
1982 1983 1984 1985 .1986 1987 1988
YEAR
r---------- ...----------------. - ..-----..--.-------..---- ..-- ....--~--.--...0-_. -------.---.-- ----- '-- ..--..
! - OKLMlOMA --+- us AYG -*- REGION AVG -B- Me? AVG
L•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
SOURCE: U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICEa DEA
3.5 ,GRk~SJ100.000
,
i 3 -1
2.51
1
2 ~
!
0.5 ~
o +----..-~._-·--·-"-"-T"--···-·-"-.. · ,~·-·-----r·----"".--"-I~---"---"-'--""---T - -"'-~'-r"--"-"--" ---:-. 19BO 19B1 19B2 1983 19B4 19B5 .19B6 1987 19BB
YEAR
r--"------"--~-" --------.,-.---- ..-" ..-..-.--."---..---- -----...---" -------------, l- IlK1.AHOMA --+- us AVG. -B- ILLINOIS o-X- NE\f YOOK I
SOURCE: U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTIC~ DEA