Stable-isotope ratios of hydrogen and oxygen in precipitation at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996-2008

              U.S. Department of the Interior
U.S. Geological Survey
Scientific Investigations Report 2011–5262
Prepared in collaboration with the University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma State University, and
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Stable-Isotope Ratios of Hydrogen and Oxygen in
Precipitation at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008
Cover Precipitation isotope collector (J.R. Masoner, U.S. Geological Survey). Stable-Isotope Ratios of Hydrogen and Oxygen in Precipitation at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008
By Jeanne B. Jaeschke, Martha A. Scholl, Isabelle M. Cozzarelli, Jason R. Masoner, Scott Christenson, and Haiping Qi
Prepared in collaboration with the University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma State University, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Scientific Investigations Report 2011–5262
U.S. Department of the Interior
U.S. Geological SurveyU.S. Department of the Interior
KEN SALAZAR, Secretary
U.S. Geological Survey
Marcia K. McNutt, Director
U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2011
This and other USGS information products are available at http://store.usgs.gov/
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Suggested citation:
Jaeschke, J.B., Scholl, M.A., Cozzarelli, I.M., Masoner, J.R., Christenson, Scott, and Qi, Haiping, 2011, Stable-isotope ratios of hydrogen and oxygen in precipitation at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report, 2011–5262, 22 p.iii
Contents
Abstract ..........................................................................................................................................................1
Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................1
Methods .........................................................................................................................................................1
Precipitation Sample Collection .........................................................................................................1
Measurement and Analysis of δ2H and δ18O of Precipitation Samples .......................................3
Quality Assurance ...............................................................................................................................3
Stable-Isotope Ratios of Hydrogen and Oxygen in Precipitation at Norman, Oklahoma,
1996–2008 ..........................................................................................................................................3
Summary ......................................................................................................................................................11
Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................................................11
References Cited ........................................................................................................................................11
Appendixes
1. Measurements of sample volume, ratios of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes (δ2H
and δ18O) ......................................................................................................................................14
2. Annual volume-weighted average deuterium and oxygen-18 (δ2H and δ18O) values .....22
Figures
1. Map showing location of the Norman Landfill, Oklahoma ....................................................2
2–8. Graphs showing:
2. Frequency distribution of daily precipitation amounts in millimeters at U.S.
Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station 07229053 Canadian River
tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008 .....................................................................4
3. Monthly precipitation at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008 ........................5
4. Precipitation isotope data collected at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-
gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008, and the global and local meteoric water lines .....................................................6
5. Ratio of hydrogen isotopes (δ2H) measured in precipitation samples collected at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008 .....................................................................7
6. Ratio of oxygen isotopes (δ18O) measured in precipitation samples collected at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008 .....................................................................7
7. Annual seasonal average ratio of hydrogen isotopes (δ2H) of precipitation samples collected at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station
07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, in summer and
winter seasons, 1996–2008 .................................................................................................8
8. Annual seasonal average ratio of oxygen isotopes (δ18O) of precipitation
samples collected at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station
07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, in summer and
winter seasons, 1996–2008 .................................................................................................8
Table
1. Monthly precipitation at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station
07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, April 1996 through
October 2008 .................................................................................................................................9iv
Conversion Factors and Abbreviations
SI to Inch/Pound
Multiply
By
To obtain
Length
centimeter (cm)
0.3937
inch (in.)
millimeter (mm)
0.03937
inch (in.)
meter (m)
3.281
foot (ft)
meter (m)
1.094
yard (yd)
Volume
liter (L)
33.82
ounce, fluid (fl. oz)
milliliter (mL)
0.0338
ounce, fluid (fl. oz)
liter (L)
1.057
quart (qt)
liter (L)
0.2642
gallon (gal)
cubic meter (m3)
264.2
gallon (gal)
cubic decimeter (dm3)
0.2642
gallon (gal)
inch per year (in/yr)
25.4
millimeter per year (mm/yr)
Temperature in degrees Celsius (°C) may be converted to degrees Fahrenheit (°F) as follows:
°F=(1.8×°C)+32
Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (°F) may be converted to degrees Celsius (°C) as follows:
°C=(°F-32)/1.8
Vertical coordinate information is referenced to the insert datum name (and abbreviation) here for instance, “North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD 88).”
Horizontal coordinate information is referenced to the insert datum name (and abbreviation) here for instance, “North American Datum of 1983 (NAD 83).”
Altitude, as used in this report, refers to distance above the vertical datum.
Per mil: A unit expressing the ratio of stable-isotopic abundances of an element in a sample to those of a standard material.
Additional Abbreviations Used in this Report
δ2H relative difference of hydrogen isotope ratios
δ18O relative difference of oxygen isotope ratio
GMWL Global Meteoric Water Line
LMWL Local Meteoric Water Line
NWIS National Water Information System
P precipitation sample volume
per mil, ‰ 1/1,000
SLAP Standard Light Antarctic Precipitation
USGS U.S. Geological Survey
VWA volume-weighted average
VSMOW Vienna Standard Mean Ocean WaterStable-Isotope Ratios of Hydrogen and Oxygen in Precipitation at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008
By Jeanne B. Jaeschke, Martha A. Scholl, Isabelle M. Cozzarelli, Jason R. Masoner, Scott Christenson,
and Haiping Qi
Abstract
Precipitation samples for measurement of stable-isotope ratios of hydrogen (δ2H) and oxygen (δ18O) were collected at the Norman Landfill Research Site in Norman, Oklahoma, from May 1996 to October 2008. Rainfall amounts also were measured at the site (U.S. Geological Survey gaging station 07229053) during the collection period. The δ2H of precipita­tion
samples ranged from −121.9 to +8.3 per mil, and the δ18O of precipitation ranged from –16.96 to +0.50 per mil. The volume-weighted average values for δ2H and δ18O of precipita­tion
over the 12-year measurement period were −31.13 per mil for δ2H and −5.57 per mil for δ18O. Average summer-season δ2H and δ18O values of precipitation usually were more posi­tive
(enriched in the heavier isotopes) than winter values.
Introduction
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) began multi­disciplinary
investigations in 1994 at the Norman Landfill (fig. 1), as part of the Toxic Substances Hydrology Program (http://toxics.usgs.gov), in collaboration with scientists at the University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma State University, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The Norman Landfill is a closed municipal solid waste landfill on the Canadian River alluvial plain in the southern part of Norman, Okla.; the landfill does not have a liner or leachate-collection system. The landfill accepted solid waste from about 1922 to 1985 then was closed and capped with a clayey soil (Christenson and Cozzarelli, 2003). Cumulative precipitation samples were collected at intervals from 1 to 4 weeks, but usually biweekly (every 2 weeks), at the landfill from May 1996 through October 2008. These samples were analyzed for relative iso­tope
ratios of hydrogen (2H/1H) and oxygen (18O/16O), abbrevi­ated
hereafter as δ2H and δ18O. Some of these data have been previously reported in Scholl and others (1999), Schlottman and others (1999), Scholl and others (2005), and Masoner and others (2008).
Stable-isotope ratios of hydrogen and oxygen in pre­cipitation
were measured at the Norman Landfill Research Site. These data can be useful for investigations involving (1) regional average precipitation isotope values, (2) distin­guishing
variations in local climate patterns, (3) hydrologic tracers of recharge and groundwater-surface water interactions and (4) water-balance calculations.
This report provides δ2H and δ18O values of precipita­tion
collected at the Norman Landfill Research Site from May 1996 through October 2008, as well as rainfall amounts for that period from gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman. Volume-weighted average δ2H and
δ18O values of precipitation collected during the entire monitoring period and by season during that period also are presented.
Methods
Precipitation Sample Collection
Precipitation samples for stable-isotope analysis were collected from May 1996 through October 2008 on top of the east landfill mound (east cell), which rises approxi­mately
13 meters (m) above the surrounding land surface at the Norman Landfill Research Site (fig. 1). Precipitation samples were collected at intervals from 1 to 4 weeks, but usually biweekly (every 2 weeks). Snow was infrequent at the site, and any snow falling on the precipitation collector was added to each precipitation sample when the snow melted. Snow catch was affected by wind; thus, snow contribution to a cumulative sample may have been underrepresented. The collector location was 35° 09' 57" N; 97° 26' 36" W (Universal Transverse Mercator Zone 14; 641765 East, 3892536 North). Rainfall amounts were measured by a tipping-bucket rain gage at the USGS streamflow-gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Okla. (fig. 1), which was approxi­mately
386 m from the precipitation sample collector. Daily 2 Stable-Isotope Ratios of Hydrogen and Oxygen in Precipitation at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008
Figure 1. Location of the Norman Landfill, Oklahoma. Stable-Isotope Ratios of Hydrogen and Oxygen in Precipitation at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008 3
precipitation amounts measured at this and other sites are available online from the USGS National Water Information system (NWIS) at http://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/rt.
Precipitation samples for stable-isotope analysis were collected in a funnel/bottle collector. The bottle contained a 2-centimeter (cm) layer of mineral oil to prevent sample evap­oration.
The funnel was about 20 cm in diameter, with tubing from the funnel stem inserted into the top of a 2-liter (L) collection bottle. The top of the funnel was 2.2 m above the ground. At the end of each sampling period, mineral oil was separated from water samples by using one of three methods: (1) a separatory funnel, (2) a valve cap placed on the collec­tion
bottle so that the bottle functioned as a separatory funnel, or (3) sample water was pumped slowly from underneath the oil layer. Samples were filtered by using a small funnel holding two qualitative paper filters to remove residual oil and debris into 30- or 60-milliliter (mL) glass bottles with cone shaped Poly-Seal™ caps. In the sampling process, the total volume of water from the collection bottle was measured with a graduated cylinder and recorded. For 14 of the 290 samples, the collection bottle overfilled during the sampling period so either no analysis was done or the analysis that was done represented only part of the precipitation for those sampling periods (appendix 1).
Measurement and Analysis of δ2H and δ18O of Precipitation Samples
Measurement of δ2H in the precipitation samples
was done by the Pt-Hokko-bead equilibration technique
with a VG Micromass 602 dual inlet isotope-ratio mass
spectrometer (DI-IRMS) (Révész and Coplen, 2008a), with each analysis requiring 1.5 mL of sample. Measurement of δ18O in the samples was done by the carbon dioxide (CO2)-water equilibration technique by using a DuPont dual inlet double-focusing mass spectrometer, which measured, alter­natively,
the isotope-number ratios of the unknown CO2 gas derived from the sample and of the “working reference” CO2 gas (Révész and Coplen, 2008b), with each analysis requir­ing
2 mL of water. The stable-isotope ratio of a sample is expressed as a delta value, and is defined for hydrogen as
δ2212121HHHHHHHsstdstd=      −             (1)
where s is the sample and std is the laboratory standard. Oxy­gen
isotope delta values are calculated in the same way, except the isotopes are 18O/16O. Stable isotope values are reported in parts per thousand, or per mil (‰), so the value is multiplied by 1,000.
Volume-weighted average (VWA) isotopic compositions of water samples were calculated for both δ2H and δ18O by the equation
VWAPPiiiniin= ()==  δ11 (2)
where
δi is the δ18O or δ2H value of the sample (per mil),
Pi is the measured sample volume, in milliliters, and
n is the total number of samples over which the summation (i = 1 to n) was performed.
Quality Assurance
Laboratory reference waters, deionized water, and Antarctic water (highly depleted in δ2H), were analyzed with the precipitation samples. The precision goal was standard deviation of sample groups of less than ±1.55 per mil (‰). The local laboratory reference waters were calibrated with the international measurement standards Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water (VSMOW) and Standard Light Antarctic Precipitation (SLAP) (Coplen, 1988; Coplen, 1994), having international consensus δ2H values of 0‰ and –428‰, and δ18O values of 0‰ and –55.5‰, respectively.
Duplicates of all samples were analyzed on different days. Different Pt-Hokko-bead rods and ports typically were used for analysis of duplicates, minimizing errors caused by misidentification and any other analytical problems. If hydrogen-isotope values of the duplicates did not agree within acceptable tolerances (±1‰), the samples were reanalyzed until acceptable tolerances were met. For each batch of sam­ples,
a graph was made of δ2H plotted in relation to δ18O. The δ2H and δ18O values of naturally occurring waters normally have high correlations.
Stable-Isotope Ratios of Hydrogen and Oxygen in Precipitation at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008
The climate of Oklahoma is continental, with warm moist air periodically moving northward from the Gulf of Mexico. Summers are long and hot; winters are shorter, with infrequent periods of extreme cold. Maximum precipitation typically falls in late spring in most of the State east of the panhandle (Arndt, 2002). On average, more precipitation falls in May than in any other month across 90 percent of Oklahoma (Arndt, 2002). 4 Stable-Isotope Ratios of Hydrogen and Oxygen in Precipitation at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008
There typically is a secondary maximum of precipitation in September in most of the State (Arndt, 2002).
On average, more precipitation falls during the nighttime hours, whereas the greatest rainfall intensities occur during late afternoon in Oklahoma (Carr, 1999). The character of precipitation also varies by season. Precipitation in winter (November through March) tends to be widespread stratiform precipitation and is usually associated with synoptic or large-scale storm systems (Carr, 1999). Precipitation in the sum­mer
(April through October) is almost entirely convective in nature, produced by mesoscale complexes and thunderstorms (Carr, 1999). The transition seasons of spring and autumn have both convective and stratiform precipitation (Loehrer and Johnson, 1995). Much of the precipitation during the transi­tion
seasons is associated with systems of moderate to severe thunderstorms.
From October 1996 through September 2008, the annual average precipitation at the Norman Landfill Research Site was 851 mm/yr, and the average number of days with precipitation in each year was 75. Variation in daily precipita­tion
amount is shown in figure 2, and monthly precipitation amounts are shown in figure 3 and table 1.
For the precipitation samples collected from May 1996 through October 2008 the δ2H ranged from –121.9 to +8.3 ‰ and δ18O ranged from –16.96 to +0.50‰ (appendix 1). The δ2H and δ18O values for the sampling period are shown in figure 4 with the Global Meteoric Water Line (GMWL) (δ2H = 8.2 δ18O + 11.3; Rozanski and others, 1993) and Local Meteoric Water Line (LMWL) (δ2H = 7.32 δ18O + 9.5, best-fit line to the data). The volume-weighted average isotope values of precipitation at the Norman Landfill Research Site for the sampling period were −31.13‰ for δ2H and −5.57‰ for δ18O (appendix 1). Figures 5 and 6 illustrate the range of values of δ18O and δ2H observed at the Norman Landfill Research Site during each sample period.
Because of high transpiration rates, summer precip­itation
in some areas at the landfill site does not recharge
the groundwater system (Scholl and others, 2005; Scholl
and others, 2006). For use in future groundwater studies involving isotopes, seasonal volume-weighted average
values of δ2H and δ18O of precipitation for each year of
the sampling period were calculated and are listed in appen­dix
2 and shown in figures 7 and 8. Seasonal values are volume-weighted averages for the summer growing season (April–October) and for the winter (November–March).
Both δ2H and δ18O values in precipitation were greater in
summer than in winter samples, with the exception of one year, 1998.
Figure 2. Frequency distribution of daily precipitation amounts in millimeters at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008.
0
204060801001201401601800.512345710152025303540506075100125150FREQUENCYDAILY PRECIPITATION AMOUNT IN MILLIMETERSStable-Isotope Ratios of Hydrogen and Oxygen in Precipitation at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008 5
Figure 3. Monthly precipitation at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008.
MAY 199
6NOV 1996JUN 1997JAN 1998AUG 1998MAR 1999SEP 1999APR 2000NOV 2000JUN 2001JAN 2002JUL 2002FEB 2003SEP 2003APR 2004NOV 2004MAY 2005DEC 2005JUL 2006FEB 2007SEP 2007MAR 2008MONTHLY050100150200250300MONTHLYPRECIPITATION,INMILLIMETERS6 Stable-Isotope Ratios of Hydrogen and Oxygen in Precipitation at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008
RA
TIOOFHYDROGENISOTOPES(H),INPERMIL 2RATIOOFOXYGENISOTOPES(O),INPERMIL 18LocalmeteoricwaterlineH=7.32(O)+9.50  218GlobalmeteoricwaterlineH=8.2(O)+11.3  218200-20-40-60-80-100-120-140-15-10-505-20
Figure 4. Precipitation isotope data collected at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008, and the global and local meteoric water lines.Stable-Isotope Ratios of Hydrogen and Oxygen in Precipitation at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008 7
Figure 6. Ratio of oxygen isotopes (δ18O) measured in precipitation samples collected at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008.
Figure 5. Ratio of hydrogen isotopes (δ2H) measured in precipitation samples collected at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008.
-140.0
-120.0-100.0-80.0-60.0-40.0-20.00.020.0RATIO OF HYDROGEN ISOTOPES ( 2H), IN PER MILDATERATIO OF OXYGEN ISOTOPES ( 18O), IN PER MIL-18.0-16.0-14.0-12.0-10.0-8.0-6.0-4.0-2.00.02.0DATE8 Stable-Isotope Ratios of Hydrogen and Oxygen in Precipitation at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008
Figure 8. Annual seasonal average ratio of oxygen isotopes (δ18O) of precipitation samples collected at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, in summer and winter seasons, 1996–2008.
Figure 7. Annual seasonal average ratio of hydrogen isotopes (δ2H) of precipitation samples collected at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, in summer and winter seasons, 1996–2008.
-7
0-60-50-40-30-20-100199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009VOLUME-WEIGHTED AVERAGE RATIO OFHYDROGEN ISOTOPES (	2 ), IN PER MILYEARSUMMER SEASONWINTER SEASON-12-10-8-6-4-20199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009VOLUME-WEIGHTED AVERAGE RATIO OFOXYGEN ISOTOPES ( 18 ), IN PER MILYEARSUMMER SEASONWINTER SEASONStable-Isotope Ratios of Hydrogen and Oxygen in Precipitation at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008 9
Table 1. Monthly precipitation at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, April 1996 through October 2008—Continued.
[mm, millimeters]
Month and year
Monthly precipitation
(mm)
Month and year
Monthly precipitation
(mm)
1May 1996
31
November 1999
0.4
June 1996
9
December 1999
80
July 1996
17
January 2000
21
August 1996
93
February 2000
45
September 1996
41
March 2000
90
October 1996
26
April 2000
89
November 1996
132
May 2000
57
December 1996
2
June 2000
199
January 1997
6
July 2000
46
February 1997
89
August 2000
0
March 1997
27
September 2000
2
October 2000
218
April 1997
145
May 1997
138
November 2000
110
June 1997
140
December 2000
54
July 1997
18
January 2001
71
August 1997
68
February 2001
35
September 1997
0
March 2001
20
October 1997
101
April 2001
44
November 1997
80
May 2001
211
December 1997
115
June 2001
10
January 1998
116
July 2001
12
February 1998
20
August 2001
77
March 1998
175
September 2001
90
October 2001
66
April 1998
84
May 1998
31
November 2001
12
June 1998
33
December 2001
54
July 1998
6
January 2002
52
August 1998
13
February 2002
53
September 1998
137
March 2002
48
October 1998
67
April 2002
118
November 1998
43
May 2002
50
December 1998
36
June 2002
97
January 1999
41
July 2002
92
February 1999
38
August 2002
52
March 1999
89
September 2002
86
October 2002
88
April 1999
191
May 1999
90
November 2002
20
June 1999
159
December 2002
60
July 1999
22
January 2003
2
August 1999
11
February 2003
40
September 1999
73
March 2003
76
October 1999
66
2008.
10 Stable-Isotope Ratios of Hydrogen and Oxygen in Precipitation at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008
Table 1. Monthly precipitation at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, April 1996 through October 2008—Continued.
[mm, millimeters]
Month and year
Monthly precipitation
(mm)
Month and year
Monthly precipitation
(mm)
April 2003
58
April 2006
97
May 2003
41
May 2006
54
June 2003
159
June 2006
33
July 2003
14
July 2006
40
August 2003
120
August 2006
74
September 2003
71
September 2006
58
October 2003
23
October 2006
81
November 2003
27
November 2006
46
December 2003
21
December 2006
94
January 2004
48
January 2007
138
February 2004
47
February 2007
44
March 2004
86
March 2007
196
April 2004
52
April 2007
57
May 2004
10
May 2007
250
June 2004
199
June 2007
293
July 2004
113
July 2007
184
August 2004
81
August 2007
156
September 2004
26
September 2007
51
October 2004
150
October 2007
0
November 2004
139
November 2007
20
December 2004
20
December 2007
27
January 2005
52
January 2008
4
February 2005
52
February 2008
16
March 2005
18
March 2008
76
April 2005
7
April 2008
112
May 2005
62
May 2008
138
June 2005
86
June 2008
194
July 2005
60
July 2008
13
August 2005
108
August 2008
218
September 2005
50
September 2008
44
October 2005
60
October 2008
38
November 2005
0
December 2005
7
January 2006
8
February 2006
9
March 2006
66
1 This precipitation is the total from May 11–31, the period of sample collection.References Cited 11
Summary
Precipitation samples were collected systematically from May 1996 through October 2008 at the Norman Landfill Research Site in Norman, Oklahoma, for determination of stable-isotope ratios of hydrogen (δ2H) and oxygen (δ18O). The δ2H of the precipitation samples ranged from −121.9 to +8.3‰, and the δ18O ranged from –16.96 to +0.50‰. Volume-weighted average values of δ2H and δ18O of precipitation at the site for the 12-year collection period were −31.13‰ for δ2H and −5.57‰ for δ18O. The local meteoric water line, calculated from those data, is δ2H = 7.32 δ18O + 9.5. Isotopic composition of the precipitation samples varied with season. With few exceptions, average summer (April through October) δ2H and δ18O values of precipitation were greater than winter values (November through March).
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Dale Ferree, U.S. Geological Survey (retired) and Kevin Smith, U.S. Geological Survey, for their assistance in collecting the precipitation samples and Nancy Simon, Kathy Conko, and William Andrews of the U.S. Geological Survey who provided helpful reviews of the manuscript.
References Cited
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http://climate.mesonet.org/county_climate/Products/oklahoma_climate_overview.pdf. (Accessed September 14, 2010.)
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Rozanski, K., Araguas-Araguas, L., and Gonfiantini, R., 1993 Isotopic patterns in modern global precipitation, in Swart, P.K., Lohmann, K.C., McKenzie, J.A., Savin, S., eds., Climate change in continental isotopic records: American Geophysical Union Monograph 78, p. 1–36.
Schlottman, J.L., Scholl, M.A., and Cozzarelli, I.M., 1999, Identifying ground-water and evaporated surface-water interactions near a landfill using Deuterium, 18Oxygen,
and Chloride, Norman, Oklahoma, in Morganwalp, D.W., and Buxton, H.T., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program—Proceedings of the Technical Meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8–12, 1999—Volume 3 of 3—Subsurface Contamination from Point Sources: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99–4018C, p. 509–520.
Scholl, M.A., Cozzarelli, I.M., Christenson, S.C., Breit, G.N., and Schlottman, J.L., 1999, Aquifer heterogene­ity
at the Norman, Oklahoma, landfill and its effect on observations of biodegradation processes, in Morganwalp, D.W., and Buxton, H.T., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program—Proceedings of the Technical Meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8–12, 1999—Volume 3 of 3—Subsurface Contamination from Point Sources: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99–4018C, p. 557–567.
Scholl, M.A., Christenson, S.C., Cozzarelli, I.M., Ferree, D., and Jaeschke, J.B., 2005, Recharge processes in an 12 Stable-Isotope Ratios of Hydrogen and Oxygen in Precipitation at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008
alluvial aquifer riparian zone, Norman Landfill, Norman, Oklahoma, 1998–2000: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004–5238, 54 p.
Scholl, M.A., Cozzarelli, I.M., Christenson, S.C., 2006, Recharge processes drive sulfate reduction in an alluvial aquifer contaminated with landfill leachate: Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, v. 86, no. 3–4, p. 239–261.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agriculture Imagery Program, 2006, available online at http://datagateway.nrcs.usda.gov/. (Accessed June 30, 2006.)Appendixes 1–214 Stable-Isotope Ratios of Hydrogen and Oxygen in Precipitation at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008
Appendix 1
Appendix 1. Measurements of sample volume, ratios of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes (δ2H and δ18O), collection dates, and precipitation amounts from the precipitation-isotope collector and from the tipping bucket gage at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, May 10, 1996 through October 28, 2008—Continued.
[mL, milliliters; δ2H ‰, ratio of hydrogen isotopes, in per mil; δ18O ‰, ratio of oxygen isotopes, in per mil; ND, no data; mm, millimeters; --, collection periods with no sample; >, greater than]
Sample
identifier
Sample volume
(mL)
δ2H
(‰)
δ18O
(‰)
Start date
End date
Precipitation amount (mm)
NLFP-01
91
-13.7
-2.9
05/10/96
05/22/96
12
NLFP-02
1,400
-31.3
-5.26
05/22/96
06/03/96
22
NLFP-03
900
-15.3
-3.39
06/03/96
06/19/96
6
NLFP-04
149
-2.2
-.82
06/19/96
07/03/96
7
NLFP-05
890
-30.3
-5.42
07/03/96
07/12/96
10
NLFP-06
1,670
-20.9
-4.22
07/12/96
07/31/96
ND
NLFP-07
2,340
-13.5
-3.59
07/31/96
08/15/96
60
NLFP-09
498
-36.7
-5.92
08/15/96
08/29/96
33
NLFP-11
--
--
--
08/29/96
09/10/96
0
NLFP-12
570
-54.6
-8.43
09/10/96
09/18/96
28
NLFP-13
950
-25.9
-5.03
09/18/96
09/25/96
11
NLFP-14
900
-45.9
-7.44
09/25/96
10/11/96
ND
NLFP-15
250
-52.2
-8.74
10/11/96
10/25/96
ND
NLFP-16
2,000
-21.4
-4.77
10/25/96
11/08/96
102
NLFP-17
303
-17.4
-4.46
11/08/96
11/22/96
20
NLFP-18
530
-59.9
-9.87
11/22/96
12/05/96
36
NLFP-19
--
--
--
12/05/96
12/20/96
0
NLFP-20
--
--
--
12/20/96
01/03/97
.5
NLFP-21
74
-76.9
-11.67
01/03/97
01/16/97
5
NLFP-22
--
--
--
01/16/97
01/30/97
0
NLFP-23
310
-121.9
-16.96
01/30/97
02/14/97
24
NLFP-24
900
-34.8
-5.94
02/14/97
03/05/97
66
NLFP-25
59
+6.4
-1.44
03/05/97
03/13/97
6
NLFP-26
410
-27.3
-5.34
03/13/97
03/27/97
19
NLFP-27
1,200
-35.7
-6.46
03/27/97
04/10/97
51
NLFP-28
1,002
-55.5
-8.43
04/10/97
04/23/97
45
NLFP-29
1,595
-54.4
-8.44
04/23/97
05/07/97
73
NLFP-30
1,384
-33.8
-5.76
05/07/97
05/22/97
59
NLFP-32
1,220
-31.2
-5.21
05/22/97
06/05/97
54
2NLFP-34
2,500
-25.8
-4.95
06/05/97
06/16/97
124
NLFP-36
435
-33.2
-5.59
06/16/97
07/02/97
16
NLFP-37
150
-14.9
-3.17
07/02/97
07/17/97
6
NLFP-38
288
-16.4
-3.69
07/17/97
07/31/97
13
NLFP-39
1,469
-9.2
-2.9
07/31/97
08/14/97
68
NLFP-40
1,380
-19.8
-4.06
08/14/97
08/28/97
ND
NLFP-41
50
+5.1
-.61
08/28/97
09/11/97
ND
NLFP-42
1,861
-17.6
-3.74
09/11/97
09/25/97
ND
NLFP-43
216
+.3
-2.52
09/25/97
10/09/97
11
NLFP-44
1,580
-8.6
-3.06
10/09/97
10/23/97
89
NLFP-45
372
-31.8
-6.51
10/23/97
11/06/97
ND
2008.
Appendix 1 15
Appendix 1. Measurements of sample volume, ratios of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes (δ2H and δ18O), collection dates, and precipitation amounts from the precipitation-isotope collector and from the tipping bucket gage at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, May 10, 1996 through October 28, 2008—Continued.
[mL, milliliters; δ2H ‰, ratio of hydrogen isotopes, in per mil; δ18O ‰, ratio of oxygen isotopes, in per mil; ND, no data; mm, millimeters; --, collection periods with no sample; >, greater than]
Sample
identifier
Sample volume
(mL)
δ2H
(‰)
δ18O
(‰)
Start date
End date
Precipitation amount (mm)
NLFP-46
892
-73.8
-11.87
11/06/97
11/20/97
40
NLFP-47
1,240
-26.4
-5.66
11/20/97
12/03/97
58
NLFP-48
290
-51.5
-9.48
12/03/97
12/18/97
12
NLFP-49
2,150
-61.8
-10.06
12/18/97
01/02/98
84
2NLFP-50
2,225
-43.2
-7.53
01/02/98
01/13/98
87
NLFP-51
164
-61.4
-9.94
01/13/98
01/29/98
7
NLFP-52
791
-25.7
-5.8
01/29/98
02/12/98
29
NLFP-53
360
-83.5
-12.16
02/12/98
02/26/98
12
NLFP-54
1,034
-54.8
-8.39
02/26/98
03/12/98
40
NLFP-55
2,338
-23.6
-5.6
03/12/98
03/17/98
109
NLFP-56
461
--
-8.86
03/17/98
03/26/98
21
1NLFP-57
--
--
--
03/26/98
04/09/98
10
NLFP-58
238
-56.1
-8.93
04/09/98
04/23/98
9
NLFP-59
1,647
-30.5
-6.18
04/23/98
04/27/98
70
NLFP-60
44
-105.0
-14.14
04/27/98
05/07/98
.3
NLFP-61
1,330
-8.8
-3.01
05/07/98
05/21/98
9
NLFP-62
592
-10.5
-2.89
05/21/98
06/04/98
22
NLFP-63
735
-20.9
-3.6
06/04/98
06/18/98
33
NLFP-64
--
--
--
06/18/98
07/02/98
0
NLFP-65
--
--
--
07/02/98
07/16/98
6
NLFP-66
175
-8.9
-1.78
07/16/98
07/30/98
ND
NLFP-67
215
-7.3
-1.5
07/30/98
08/17/98
10
NLFP-68
--
--
--
08/17/98
08/27/98
0
NLFP-69
195
-12.0
-2.19
08/27/98
09/10/98
3
NLFP-70
1,870
-98.6
-13.7
09/10/98
09/15/98
85
NLFP-71
1,265
-34.8
-5.73
09/15/98
09/25/98
52
NLFP-72
1,195
-31.4
-5.72
09/25/98
10/07/98
34
NLFP-73
815
-30.3
-5.09
10/07/98
10/28/98
32
NLFP-74
1,488
-28.4
-5.94
10/28/98
11/03/98
ND
NLFP-75
324
-24.9
-5.84
11/03/98
11/24/98
23
NLFP-76
1,078
-27.7
-5.44
11/24/98
12/16/98
49
NLFP-77
212
-21.5
-5.53
12/16/98
01/05/99
6
NLFP-78
--
--
--
01/05/99
01/20/99
0
NLFP-79
1,104
-62.7
-9.64
01/20/99
02/04/99
41
NLFP-80
112
-21.3
-4.25
02/04/99
02/10/99
34
NLFP-81
679
-20.3
-4.61
02/10/99
02/25/99
4
NLFP-82
670
-9.9
-3.61
02/25/99
03/11/99
28
NLFP-83
1,240
-24.1
-5.10
03/11/99
03/18/99
55
NLFP-84
363
-11.9
-2.99
03/18/99
04/01/99
5
NLFP-85
2,370
-13.3
-3.44
04/01/99
04/28/99
19116 Stable-Isotope Ratios of Hydrogen and Oxygen in Precipitation at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008
Appendix 1. Measurements of sample volume, ratios of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes (δ2H and δ18O), collection dates, and precipitation amounts from the precipitation-isotope collector and from the tipping bucket gage at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, May 10, 1996 through October 28, 2008—Continued.
[mL, milliliters; δ2H ‰, ratio of hydrogen isotopes, in per mil; δ18O ‰, ratio of oxygen isotopes, in per mil; ND, no data; mm, millimeters; --, collection periods with no sample; >, greater than]
Sample
identifier
Sample volume
(mL)
δ2H
(‰)
δ18O
(‰)
Start date
End date
Precipitation amount (mm)
NLFP-86
1,035
-22.0
-4.02
04/28/99
05/12/99
43
NLFP-87
1,387
-3.2
.00
05/12/99
06/14/99
69
NLFP-88
1,738
-15.0
-3.74
06/14/99
06/23/99
125
NLFP-89
735
-25.7
-4.66
06/23/99
07/19/99
34
NLFP-90
441
-13.0
-3.98
07/19/99
08/10/99
11
NLFP-91
--
--
--
08/10/99
08/30/99
0
NLFP-92
2,377
-38.5
-6.73
08/30/99
09/14/99
ND
NLFP-93
375
-4.4
-1.98
09/14/99
10/05/99
83
NLFP-94
67
-14.7
-2.75
10/05/99
10/18/99
3
NLFP-95
1,165
-39.3
-7.69
10/18/99
11/02/99
54
NLFP-96
--
--
--
11/02/99
12/02/99
9
NLFP-97
1,375
-28.5
-6.07
12/02/99
12/09/99
70
NLFP-98
413
-49.3
-8.45
12/09/99
01/05/00
4
NLFP-99
511
-91.9
-13.06
01/05/00
01/31/00
17
NLFP-100
--
--
--
01/31/00
02/10/00
0
NLFP-101
753
-26.7
-4.78
02/10/00
02/24/00
33
NLFP-102
1,104
-8.6
-2.77
02/24/00
03/14/00
50
NLFP-103
825
-20.5
-4.42
03/14/00
03/27/00
41
NLFP-104
499
-12.9
-3.44
03/27/00
04/06/00
28
NLFP-105
748
-22.8
-4.99
04/06/00
04/19/00
33
NLFP-106
1,005
-11.8
-2.82
04/19/00
05/03/00
42
NLFP-107
22
-27.5
-4.35
05/03/00
05/24/00
.3
NLFP-108
1,758
-29.9
-5.07
05/24/00
06/08/00
79
NLFP-109
1,098
-30.6
-5.63
06/08/00
06/19/00
90
NLFP-110
2,380
-25.6
-4.77
06/19/00
06/29/00
84
NLFP-111
1,703
-35.2
-5.3
06/29/00
07/05/00
ND
NLFP-112
787
-31.8
-5.9
07/05/00
07/25/00
ND
NLFP-113
200
+8.3
+.47
07/25/00
08/09/00
10
NLFP-114
--
--
--
08/09/00
08/31/00
0
NLFP-115
1,172
-58.8
-9.02
08/31/00
09/26/00
ND
NLFP-116
28
-27.4
-5.48
09/26/00
10/12/00
3
NLFP-117
990
-33.6
-6.49
10/12/00
10/17/00
44
NLFP-118
1,463
-22.2
-5.26
10/17/00
10/23/00
68
NLFP-119
1,610
-14.4
-4.04
10/23/00
10/26/00
63
NLFP-120
1,970
-33.8
-6.16
10/26/00
11/07/00
100
NLFP-121
1,200
-61.5
-10.25
11/07/00
11/27/00
51
NLFP-122
745
-59.5
-9.86
11/27/00
12/20/00
28
NLFP-123
610
-64.2
-10.42
12/20/00
01/04/01
39
NLFP-124
1,182
-44.9
-7.97
01/04/01
01/31/01
57
NLFP-125
1,674
-20.3
-4.16
01/31/01
02/26/01
33Appendix 1 17
Appendix 1. Measurements of sample volume, ratios of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes (δ2H and δ18O), collection dates, and precipitation amounts from the precipitation-isotope collector and from the tipping bucket gage at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, May 10, 1996 through October 28, 2008—Continued.
[mL, milliliters; δ2H ‰, ratio of hydrogen isotopes, in per mil; δ18O ‰, ratio of oxygen isotopes, in per mil; ND, no data; mm, millimeters; --, collection periods with no sample; >, greater than]
Sample
identifier
Sample volume
(mL)
δ2H
(‰)
δ18O
(‰)
Start date
End date
Precipitation amount (mm)
NLFP-126
275
-43.7
-6.86
02/26/01
03/21/01
17
NLFP-127
55
-47.0
-8.54
03/21/01
04/06/01
5
NLFP-128
1,205
-5.9
-2.20
04/06/01
04/26/01
44
NLFP-129
1,015
-40.4
-6.05
04/26/01
05/10/01
48
NLFP-130
2,025
-24.9
-4.51
05/10/01
05/29/01
97
NLFP-131
1,455
-14.9
-3.32
05/29/01
06/27/01
66
NLFP-132
206
+.2
-1.04
06/27/01
06/28/01
2
NLFP-133
40
-9.2
-2.85
06/28/01
07/02/01
8
NLFP-134
1,085
-9.4
-2.53
07/02/01
08/15/01
47
NLFP-135
211
-28.5
-3.35
08/15/01
08/25/01
34
NLFP-136
655
-20.4
-3.26
08/25/01
08/27/01
8
NLFP-137
2,225
-27.7
-5.07
08/27/01
09/17/01
53
NLFP-138
2,067
-24.8
-5.27
09/17/01
09/21/01
31
NLFP-139
1,405
-34.6
-6.21
09/21/01
10/22/01
66
NLFP-140
355
-9.1
-3.68
10/22/01
11/07/01
5
NLFP-141
336
-27.9
-5.91
11/07/01
12/12/01
17
NLFP-142
1,019
-79.2
-11.05
12/12/01
01/03/02
44
NLFP-143
689
-41.7
-6.79
01/03/02
01/28/02
24
NLFP-144
896
-50.3
-7.86
01/28/02
02/11/02
66
NLFP-145
90
-26.7
-4.85
02/11/02
02/21/02
15
NLFP-146
40
-26.3
-5.72
02/21/02
03/07/02
.3
NLFP-147
959
-47.1
-6.60
03/07/02
03/25/02
45
NLFP-148
1,525
-18.3
-4.27
03/25/02
04/10/02
70
NLFP-149
670
-42.7
-6.35
04/10/02
04/15/02
31
NLFP-150
425
-12.7
-2.25
04/15/02
05/02/02
20
NLFP-151
70
+5.9
-.58
05/02/02
05/13/02
5
2NLFP-152
>2,390
-24.2
-4.73
05/13/02
06/17/02
142
NLFP-153
740
-23.8
-4.50
06/17/02
07/02/02
37
NLFP-154
555
-12.8
-2.45
07/02/02
07/23/02
21
NLFP-155
655
-16.0
-3.40
07/23/02
08/11/02
33
NLFP-156
1,071
-7.2
-2.10
08/11/02
08/29/02
52
NLFP-157
990
-23.0
-5.41
08/29/02
09/17/02
41
NLFP-158
985
-43.1
-7.40
09/17/02
09/23/02
45
NLFP-159
940
-68.4
-9.90
09/23/02
10/10/02
ND
NLFP-160
2,375
-66.0
-10.39
10/10/02
11/04/02
104
NLFP-161
18
-65.0
-8.97
11/04/02
11/26/02
4
NLFP-162
1,365
-73.1
-11.21
11/26/02
12/23/02
59
NLFP-163
32
-36.8
-6.52
12/23/02
01/09/03
1
NLFP-164
--
--
--
01/09/03
01/15/03
2
NLFP-165
25
-48.6
-8.72
01/15/03
01/28/03
.318 Stable-Isotope Ratios of Hydrogen and Oxygen in Precipitation at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008
Appendix 1. Measurements of sample volume, ratios of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes (δ2H and δ18O), collection dates, and precipitation amounts from the precipitation-isotope collector and from the tipping bucket gage at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, May 10, 1996 through October 28, 2008—Continued.
[mL, milliliters; δ2H ‰, ratio of hydrogen isotopes, in per mil; δ18O ‰, ratio of oxygen isotopes, in per mil; ND, no data; mm, millimeters; --, collection periods with no sample; >, greater than]
Sample
identifier
Sample volume
(mL)
δ2H
(‰)
δ18O
(‰)
Start date
End date
Precipitation amount (mm)
NLFP-166
380
-89.3
-13.34
01/28/03
02/13/03
21
NLFP-167
480
-68.8
-10.29
02/13/03
03/06/03
19
NLFP-168
900
-31.8
-5.12
03/06/03
03/18/03
36
NLFP-169
815
-60.4
-8.98
03/18/03
03/13/03
ND
NLFP-170
620
-11.8
-3.31
03/13/03
04/05/03
68
NLFP-171
535
-21.9
-4.68
04/05/03
04/22/03
53
NLFP-172
38
-2.9
-1.82
04/22/03
04/30/03
4
NLFP-173
575
-18.5
-3.78
04/30/03
05/22/03
41
NLFP-174
310
-27.3
-4.90
05/22/03
06/03/03
15
NLFP-175
790
-47.6
-7.32
06/03/03
06/05/03
47
NLFP-176
705
-71.4
-10.14
06/05/03
06/10/03
61
NLFP-177
937
-28.8
-5.34
06/10/03
06/11/03
12
NLFP-178
406
-5.8
-1.25
06/11/03
06/25/03
18
NLFP-179
255
-18.7
-3.48
06/25/03
07/15/03
9
NLFP-180
1,166
-12.0
-2.88
07/15/03
08/11/03
31
NLFP-181
280
-16.2
-3.09
08/11/03
08/28/03
15
NLFP-182
1,500
-34.0
-6.22
08/28/03
09/02/03
ND
NLFP-183
480
-25.3
-4.13
09/02/03
10/08/03
81
NLFP-184
162
-19.5
-3.84
10/08/03
10/23/03
12
NLFP-185
182
-1.9
-2.88
10/23/03
11/10/03
13
NLFP-186
218
-24.2
-4.97
11/10/03
11/20/03
16
NLFP-187
470
-29.2
-7.55
11/20/03
12/15/03
18
NLFP-188
31
-5.9
-2.36
12/15/03
01/08/04
2
NLFP-189
112
-21.2
-3.94
01/08/04
01/15/04
6
NLFP-190
937
-72.7
-10.57
01/15/04
01/20/04
37
NLFP-191
112
-34.0
-6.28
01/20/04
01/26/04
5
NLFP-192
420
-46.0
-8.74
01/26/04
02/03/04
19
NLFP-193
172
-37.1
-7.39
02/03/04
02/10/04
8
NLFP-194
495
-38.9
-6.92
02/10/04
03/01/04
20
NLFP-195
1,509
-9.9
-3.40
03/01/04
03/04/04
68
NLFP-196
160
-21.0
-3.57
03/04/04
03/11/04
3
NLFP-197
42
+1.6
-1.18
03/11/04
03/24/04
3
NLFP-198
370
-21.4
-4.5
03/24/04
04/08/04
18
NLFP-199
277
-45.1
-7.21
04/08/04
04/14/04
14
NLFP-200
186
-4.1
-1.68
04/14/04
04/22/04
9
NLFP-201
430
-24.1
-3.85
04/22/04
05/04/04
22
NLFP-202
1,520
-31.6
-4.81
05/04/04
06/14/04
122
NLFP-203
1,255
-31.4
-5.56
06/14/04
06/21/04
58
NLFP-204
1,802
-23.5
-3.88
06/21/04
07/07/04
77
NLFP-205
1,860
-25.6
-4.84
07/07/04
07/29/04
64Appendix 1 19
Appendix 1. Measurements of sample volume, ratios of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes (δ2H and δ18O), collection dates, and precipitation amounts from the precipitation-isotope collector and from the tipping bucket gage at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, May 10, 1996 through October 28, 2008—Continued.
[mL, milliliters; δ2H ‰, ratio of hydrogen isotopes, in per mil; δ18O ‰, ratio of oxygen isotopes, in per mil; ND, no data; mm, millimeters; --, collection periods with no sample; >, greater than]
Sample
identifier
Sample volume
(mL)
δ2H
(‰)
δ18O
(‰)
Start date
End date
Precipitation amount (mm)
NLFP-206
216
-1.3
-0.50
07/29/04
08/04/04
11
NLFP-207
920
-19.5
-4.51
08/04/04
08/11/04
42
NLFP-208
338
-21.1
-4.58
08/11/04
08/16/04
17
NLFP-209
56
-24
-4.75
08/16/04
08/25/04
4
3NLFP-210
1,001
-7.0
-2.19
08/25/04
09/22/04
32
3NLFP-211
1,508
-19.2
-4.41
09/22/04
10/06/04
48
NLFP-212
1,315
-95.8
-13.35
10/06/04
10/12/04
57
NLFP-213
104
-51.3
-7.13
10/12/04
10/28/04
24
NLFP-214
258
-8.6
-2.07
10/28/04
11/08/04
44
NLFP-215
--
--
--
11/08/04
11/18/04
65
NLFP-216
640
-56.6
-9.29
11/18/04
12/01/04
52
NLFP-217
--
--
--
12/01/04
12/20/04
40
NLFP-218
168
-24.9
-5.14
12/20/04
01/10/05
17
NLFP-219
328
-112.3
-15.92
01/10/05
02/04/05
20
NLFP-220
280
-45.9
-8.22
02/04/05
02/08/05
6
NLFP-221
340
-6.3
-3.76
02/08/05
02/16/05
12
NLFP-222
310
-24.1
-4.80
02/16/05
02/25/05
9
NLFP-223
1,125
-95.8
-13.74
02/25/05
03/01/05
86
NLFP-224
870
-40.1
-6.78
03/01/05
06/01/05
60
NLFP-225
460
-11.2
-3.48
06/01/05
07/11/05
49
NLFP-226
--
--
--
07/11/05
10/04/05
214
NLFP-227
480
-11.6
-2.97
10/04/05
10/11/05
30
NLFP-228
220
-24.7
-6.08
10/11/05
12/06/05
12
NLFP-229
450
-38.4
-6.8
12/06/05
03/13/06
29
NLFP-230
1,410
-44.1
-7.34
03/13/06
03/21/06
59
NLFP-231
--
--
--
03/21/06
04/19/06
18
1,2NLFP-232
--
--
--
04/19/06
05/03/06
86
NLFP-233
1,106
-21.6
-4.28
05/03/06
05/11/06
40
NLFP-234
360
-38.5
-5.72
05/11/06
06/01/06
14
NLFP-235
830
-25.1
-4.34
06/01/06
07/06/06
33
NLFP-236
1,060
-14.1
-2.98
07/06/06
07/17/06
34
NLFP-237
700
-11.0
-1.81
07/17/06
08/14/06
29
NLFP-238
700
+1.3
-.26
08/14/06
08/24/06
18
NLFP-239
900
-18.5
-3.76
08/24/06
08/28/06
29
NLFP-240
750
-35.2
-6.31
08/28/06
09/05/06
27
NLFP-241
640
-85.7
-11.82
09/05/06
09/18/06
22
NLFP-242
286
-27.4
-4.42
09/18/06
09/27/06
9
2NLFP-243
>2,200
-46.8
-7.76
09/27/06
10/18/06
81
NLFP-244
840
-24.0
-5.38
10/18/06
11/07/06
28
NLFP-245
490
-24.8
-5.11
11/07/06
11/29/06
1820 Stable-Isotope Ratios of Hydrogen and Oxygen in Precipitation at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008
Appendix 1. Measurements of sample volume, ratios of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes (δ2H and δ18O), collection dates, and precipitation amounts from the precipitation-isotope collector and from the tipping bucket gage at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, May 10, 1996 through October 28, 2008—Continued.
[mL, milliliters; δ2H ‰, ratio of hydrogen isotopes, in per mil; δ18O ‰, ratio of oxygen isotopes, in per mil; ND, no data; mm, millimeters; --, collection periods with no sample; >, greater than]
Sample
identifier
Sample volume
(mL)
δ2H
(‰)
δ18O
(‰)
Start date
End date
Precipitation amount (mm)
3NLFP-246
2,147
-31.6
-6.07
11/29/06
12/21/06
68
3NLFP-247
826
-32.5
-5.55
12/21/06
01/05/07
26
3,2NLFP-248
>2200
-41.6
-7.16
01/05/07
01/23/07
129
3NLFP-249
1,508
-65.2
-9.64
01/23/07
02/21/07
48
3NLFP-250
1,373
-19.6
-4.02
02/21/07
03/20/07
44
NLFP-251
--
--
--
03/20/07
03/30/07
156
3NLFP-252
1,365
-38.3
-5.92
03/30/07
04/02/07
ND
NLFP-253
118
-2.2
-3.07
04/02/07
04/18/07
43
2NLFP-254
>2,200
-24.1
-4.28
04/18/07
05/08/07
175
NLFP-255
405
-15.0
-3.1
05/08/07
05/15/07
11
NLFP-256
2,100
-20.5
-4.02
05/15/07
05/29/07
66
NLFP-257
1,210
-26.6
-4.18
05/29/07
06/11/07
41
2NLFP-258
>2,200
-19.3
-3.74
06/11/07
06/26/07
179
2NLFP-259
>2,200
-40.0
-6.33
06/26/07
07/09/07
126
2NLFP-260
>2,200
-24.4
-4.18
07/09/07
07/10/07
74
NLFP-261
2,100
-28.8
-4.87
07/10/07
08/01/07
69
2NLFP-262
>2,200
-56.6
-8.52
08/01/07
08/02/07
ND
NLFP-263
1,200
-36.6
-6.20
08/21/07
09/12/07
37
NLFP-264
310
-14.6
+.50
09/12/07
09/26/07
13
NLFP-265
2,100
-19.7
-4.38
09/26/07
10/16/07
ND
NLFP-266
500
-47.9
-8.25
10/16/07
10/26/07
ND
NLFP-267
475
-72.4
-11.07
10/26/07
12/05/07
23
NLFP-268
2,150
-21.4
-4.64
12/05/07
12/18/07
19
NLFP-269
200
-49.9
-9.15
12/18/07
01/23/08
9
NLFP-270
240
-29.1
-5.59
01/23/08
02/08/08
11
NLFP-271
1,005
-35.5
-6.43
02/08/08
02/19/08
6
NLFP-272
900
-41.2
-7.03
02/19/08
03/04/08
22
NLFP-273
1,480
-29.4
-5.02
03/04/08
03/19/08
43
2NLFP-274
>2,200
-16.4
-3.82
03/19/08
04/11/08
110
NLFP-275
1,790
-10.1
-2.99
04/11/08
05/07/08
88
NLFP-276
1,600
-43.8
-7.20
05/07/08
05/19/08
23
NLFP-277
1,295
-28.9
-4.82
05/19/08
05/27/08
40
2NLFP-278
>2,200
-47.7
-7.77
05/27/08
06/09/08
98
2NLFP-279
>2,200
-30.6
-5.55
06/09/08
06/25/08
79
NLFP-280
600
-12.2
-2.40
06/25/08
07/11/08
20
NLFP-281
300
-6.6
-1.12
07/11/08
08/01/08
10
2NLFP-282
>2,200
-32.8
-5.44
08/01/08
08/11/08
91
NLFP-283
500
-45.1
-7.71
08/11/08
08/15/08
16
2NLFP-284
>2,200
-31.5
-5.85
08/15/08
08/19/08
104
NLFP-285
400
-28.3
-5.04
08/19/08
09/04/08
8Appendix 1 21
Appendix 1. Measurements of sample volume, ratios of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes (δ2H and δ18O), collection dates, and precipitation amounts from the precipitation-isotope collector and from the tipping bucket gage at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, May 10, 1996 through October 28, 2008—Continued.
[mL, milliliters; δ2H ‰, ratio of hydrogen isotopes, in per mil; δ18O ‰, ratio of oxygen isotopes, in per mil; ND, no data; mm, millimeters; --, collection periods with no sample; >, greater than]
Sample
identifier
Sample volume
(mL)
δ2H
(‰)
δ18O
(‰)
Start date
End date
Precipitation amount (mm)
NLFP-286
1,100
-22.0
-4.68
09/04/08
09/10/08
33
NLFP-287
400
-32.1
-5.42
09/10/08
09/15/08
10
NLFP-288
500
-13.2
-3.85
09/15/08
10/14/08
20
NLFP-289
560
-13.6
-3.71
10/14/08
10/23/08
18
NLFP-290
1,800
-24.2
-5.02
10/23/08
10/28/08
ND
Volume-weighted average (VWA)
-31.1
-5.57
1 Data not used because sample was a duplicate, a control, or evaporated due to lack of oil layer.
2 Collector overflowed.
3 Volume not measured, estimated from rainfall. 22 Stable-Isotope Ratios of Hydrogen and Oxygen in Precipitation at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008
Appendix 2. Annual volume-weighted average deuterium and oxygen-18 (δ2H and δ18O) values during summer and winter seasons from the precipitation isotope collector at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008.
[δ2H ‰, ratio of hydrogen isotopes, in per mil; δ18O ‰, ratio of oxygen isotopes, in per mil]
Collection year(s)
δ2H
(o/oo)
δ18O
(o/oo)
Summer season (April through October)
1996
-26.49
-4.95
1997
-27.12
-5.06
1998
-38.54
-6.42
1999
-19.09
-3.86
2000
-27.48
-5.16
2001
-23.02
-4.40
2002
-26.49
-4.92
2003
-27.99
-5.00
2004
-30.62
-5.25
2005
-25.20
-4.93
2006
-30.32
-5.14
2007
-29.89
-5.07
2008
-28.07
-5.20
Winter season (November through March)
1996–97
-36.07
-6.51
1997–98
-42.76
-7.92
1998–99
-29.92
-5.90
1999–2000
-32.35
-6.15
2000–01
-42.18
-7.37
2001–02
-49.21
-7.59
2002–03
-63.36
-9.78
2003–04
-32.31
-6.25
2004–05
-60.80
-9.59
2005–06
-40.81
-7.09
2006–07
-36.63
-6.44
2007–08
-33.12
-5.99
Appendix 2
Publishing support provided by
Lafayette Publishing Service CenterJaeschke, Scholl, Cozzarelli, Masoner, Christenson, and Qi—Stable-Isotope Ratios of Hydrogen and Oxygen in Precipitation at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008—SIR 2011–5262
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