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U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011–5262 Prepared in collaboration with the University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma State University, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Stable-Isotope Ratios of Hydrogen and Oxygen in Precipitation at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008 Cover Precipitation isotope collector (J.R. Masoner, U.S. Geological Survey). Stable-Isotope Ratios of Hydrogen and Oxygen in Precipitation at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008 By Jeanne B. Jaeschke, Martha A. Scholl, Isabelle M. Cozzarelli, Jason R. Masoner, Scott Christenson, and Haiping Qi Prepared in collaboration with the University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma State University, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Scientific Investigations Report 2011–5262 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological SurveyU.S. Department of the Interior KEN SALAZAR, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Marcia K. McNutt, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2011 This and other USGS information products are available at http://store.usgs.gov/ U.S. Geological Survey Box 25286, Denver Federal Center Denver, CO 80225 To learn about the USGS and its information products visit http://www.usgs.gov/ 1-888-ASK-USGS Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted materials contained within this report. Suggested citation: Jaeschke, J.B., Scholl, M.A., Cozzarelli, I.M., Masoner, J.R., Christenson, Scott, and Qi, Haiping, 2011, Stable-isotope ratios of hydrogen and oxygen in precipitation at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report, 2011–5262, 22 p.iii Contents Abstract ..........................................................................................................................................................1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................1 Methods .........................................................................................................................................................1 Precipitation Sample Collection .........................................................................................................1 Measurement and Analysis of δ2H and δ18O of Precipitation Samples .......................................3 Quality Assurance ...............................................................................................................................3 Stable-Isotope Ratios of Hydrogen and Oxygen in Precipitation at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008 ..........................................................................................................................................3 Summary ......................................................................................................................................................11 Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................................................11 References Cited ........................................................................................................................................11 Appendixes 1. Measurements of sample volume, ratios of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes (δ2H and δ18O) ......................................................................................................................................14 2. Annual volume-weighted average deuterium and oxygen-18 (δ2H and δ18O) values .....22 Figures 1. Map showing location of the Norman Landfill, Oklahoma ....................................................2 2–8. Graphs showing: 2. Frequency distribution of daily precipitation amounts in millimeters at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008 .....................................................................4 3. Monthly precipitation at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008 ........................5 4. Precipitation isotope data collected at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow- gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008, and the global and local meteoric water lines .....................................................6 5. Ratio of hydrogen isotopes (δ2H) measured in precipitation samples collected at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008 .....................................................................7 6. Ratio of oxygen isotopes (δ18O) measured in precipitation samples collected at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008 .....................................................................7 7. Annual seasonal average ratio of hydrogen isotopes (δ2H) of precipitation samples collected at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, in summer and winter seasons, 1996–2008 .................................................................................................8 8. Annual seasonal average ratio of oxygen isotopes (δ18O) of precipitation samples collected at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, in summer and winter seasons, 1996–2008 .................................................................................................8 Table 1. Monthly precipitation at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, April 1996 through October 2008 .................................................................................................................................9iv Conversion Factors and Abbreviations SI to Inch/Pound Multiply By To obtain Length centimeter (cm) 0.3937 inch (in.) millimeter (mm) 0.03937 inch (in.) meter (m) 3.281 foot (ft) meter (m) 1.094 yard (yd) Volume liter (L) 33.82 ounce, fluid (fl. oz) milliliter (mL) 0.0338 ounce, fluid (fl. oz) liter (L) 1.057 quart (qt) liter (L) 0.2642 gallon (gal) cubic meter (m3) 264.2 gallon (gal) cubic decimeter (dm3) 0.2642 gallon (gal) inch per year (in/yr) 25.4 millimeter per year (mm/yr) Temperature in degrees Celsius (°C) may be converted to degrees Fahrenheit (°F) as follows: °F=(1.8×°C)+32 Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (°F) may be converted to degrees Celsius (°C) as follows: °C=(°F-32)/1.8 Vertical coordinate information is referenced to the insert datum name (and abbreviation) here for instance, “North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD 88).” Horizontal coordinate information is referenced to the insert datum name (and abbreviation) here for instance, “North American Datum of 1983 (NAD 83).” Altitude, as used in this report, refers to distance above the vertical datum. Per mil: A unit expressing the ratio of stable-isotopic abundances of an element in a sample to those of a standard material. Additional Abbreviations Used in this Report δ2H relative difference of hydrogen isotope ratios δ18O relative difference of oxygen isotope ratio GMWL Global Meteoric Water Line LMWL Local Meteoric Water Line NWIS National Water Information System P precipitation sample volume per mil, ‰ 1/1,000 SLAP Standard Light Antarctic Precipitation USGS U.S. Geological Survey VWA volume-weighted average VSMOW Vienna Standard Mean Ocean WaterStable-Isotope Ratios of Hydrogen and Oxygen in Precipitation at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008 By Jeanne B. Jaeschke, Martha A. Scholl, Isabelle M. Cozzarelli, Jason R. Masoner, Scott Christenson, and Haiping Qi Abstract Precipitation samples for measurement of stable-isotope ratios of hydrogen (δ2H) and oxygen (δ18O) were collected at the Norman Landfill Research Site in Norman, Oklahoma, from May 1996 to October 2008. Rainfall amounts also were measured at the site (U.S. Geological Survey gaging station 07229053) during the collection period. The δ2H of precipitation samples ranged from −121.9 to +8.3 per mil, and the δ18O of precipitation ranged from –16.96 to +0.50 per mil. The volume-weighted average values for δ2H and δ18O of precipitation over the 12-year measurement period were −31.13 per mil for δ2H and −5.57 per mil for δ18O. Average summer-season δ2H and δ18O values of precipitation usually were more positive (enriched in the heavier isotopes) than winter values. Introduction The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) began multidisciplinary investigations in 1994 at the Norman Landfill (fig. 1), as part of the Toxic Substances Hydrology Program (http://toxics.usgs.gov), in collaboration with scientists at the University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma State University, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The Norman Landfill is a closed municipal solid waste landfill on the Canadian River alluvial plain in the southern part of Norman, Okla.; the landfill does not have a liner or leachate-collection system. The landfill accepted solid waste from about 1922 to 1985 then was closed and capped with a clayey soil (Christenson and Cozzarelli, 2003). Cumulative precipitation samples were collected at intervals from 1 to 4 weeks, but usually biweekly (every 2 weeks), at the landfill from May 1996 through October 2008. These samples were analyzed for relative isotope ratios of hydrogen (2H/1H) and oxygen (18O/16O), abbreviated hereafter as δ2H and δ18O. Some of these data have been previously reported in Scholl and others (1999), Schlottman and others (1999), Scholl and others (2005), and Masoner and others (2008). Stable-isotope ratios of hydrogen and oxygen in precipitation were measured at the Norman Landfill Research Site. These data can be useful for investigations involving (1) regional average precipitation isotope values, (2) distinguishing variations in local climate patterns, (3) hydrologic tracers of recharge and groundwater-surface water interactions and (4) water-balance calculations. This report provides δ2H and δ18O values of precipitation collected at the Norman Landfill Research Site from May 1996 through October 2008, as well as rainfall amounts for that period from gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman. Volume-weighted average δ2H and δ18O values of precipitation collected during the entire monitoring period and by season during that period also are presented. Methods Precipitation Sample Collection Precipitation samples for stable-isotope analysis were collected from May 1996 through October 2008 on top of the east landfill mound (east cell), which rises approximately 13 meters (m) above the surrounding land surface at the Norman Landfill Research Site (fig. 1). Precipitation samples were collected at intervals from 1 to 4 weeks, but usually biweekly (every 2 weeks). Snow was infrequent at the site, and any snow falling on the precipitation collector was added to each precipitation sample when the snow melted. Snow catch was affected by wind; thus, snow contribution to a cumulative sample may have been underrepresented. The collector location was 35° 09' 57" N; 97° 26' 36" W (Universal Transverse Mercator Zone 14; 641765 East, 3892536 North). Rainfall amounts were measured by a tipping-bucket rain gage at the USGS streamflow-gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Okla. (fig. 1), which was approximately 386 m from the precipitation sample collector. Daily 2 Stable-Isotope Ratios of Hydrogen and Oxygen in Precipitation at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008 Figure 1. Location of the Norman Landfill, Oklahoma. Stable-Isotope Ratios of Hydrogen and Oxygen in Precipitation at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008 3 precipitation amounts measured at this and other sites are available online from the USGS National Water Information system (NWIS) at http://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/rt. Precipitation samples for stable-isotope analysis were collected in a funnel/bottle collector. The bottle contained a 2-centimeter (cm) layer of mineral oil to prevent sample evaporation. The funnel was about 20 cm in diameter, with tubing from the funnel stem inserted into the top of a 2-liter (L) collection bottle. The top of the funnel was 2.2 m above the ground. At the end of each sampling period, mineral oil was separated from water samples by using one of three methods: (1) a separatory funnel, (2) a valve cap placed on the collection bottle so that the bottle functioned as a separatory funnel, or (3) sample water was pumped slowly from underneath the oil layer. Samples were filtered by using a small funnel holding two qualitative paper filters to remove residual oil and debris into 30- or 60-milliliter (mL) glass bottles with cone shaped Poly-Seal™ caps. In the sampling process, the total volume of water from the collection bottle was measured with a graduated cylinder and recorded. For 14 of the 290 samples, the collection bottle overfilled during the sampling period so either no analysis was done or the analysis that was done represented only part of the precipitation for those sampling periods (appendix 1). Measurement and Analysis of δ2H and δ18O of Precipitation Samples Measurement of δ2H in the precipitation samples was done by the Pt-Hokko-bead equilibration technique with a VG Micromass 602 dual inlet isotope-ratio mass spectrometer (DI-IRMS) (Révész and Coplen, 2008a), with each analysis requiring 1.5 mL of sample. Measurement of δ18O in the samples was done by the carbon dioxide (CO2)-water equilibration technique by using a DuPont dual inlet double-focusing mass spectrometer, which measured, alternatively, the isotope-number ratios of the unknown CO2 gas derived from the sample and of the “working reference” CO2 gas (Révész and Coplen, 2008b), with each analysis requiring 2 mL of water. The stable-isotope ratio of a sample is expressed as a delta value, and is defined for hydrogen as δ2212121HHHHHHHsstdstd= − (1) where s is the sample and std is the laboratory standard. Oxygen isotope delta values are calculated in the same way, except the isotopes are 18O/16O. Stable isotope values are reported in parts per thousand, or per mil (‰), so the value is multiplied by 1,000. Volume-weighted average (VWA) isotopic compositions of water samples were calculated for both δ2H and δ18O by the equation VWAPPiiiniin= ()== δ11 (2) where δi is the δ18O or δ2H value of the sample (per mil), Pi is the measured sample volume, in milliliters, and n is the total number of samples over which the summation (i = 1 to n) was performed. Quality Assurance Laboratory reference waters, deionized water, and Antarctic water (highly depleted in δ2H), were analyzed with the precipitation samples. The precision goal was standard deviation of sample groups of less than ±1.55 per mil (‰). The local laboratory reference waters were calibrated with the international measurement standards Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water (VSMOW) and Standard Light Antarctic Precipitation (SLAP) (Coplen, 1988; Coplen, 1994), having international consensus δ2H values of 0‰ and –428‰, and δ18O values of 0‰ and –55.5‰, respectively. Duplicates of all samples were analyzed on different days. Different Pt-Hokko-bead rods and ports typically were used for analysis of duplicates, minimizing errors caused by misidentification and any other analytical problems. If hydrogen-isotope values of the duplicates did not agree within acceptable tolerances (±1‰), the samples were reanalyzed until acceptable tolerances were met. For each batch of samples, a graph was made of δ2H plotted in relation to δ18O. The δ2H and δ18O values of naturally occurring waters normally have high correlations. Stable-Isotope Ratios of Hydrogen and Oxygen in Precipitation at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008 The climate of Oklahoma is continental, with warm moist air periodically moving northward from the Gulf of Mexico. Summers are long and hot; winters are shorter, with infrequent periods of extreme cold. Maximum precipitation typically falls in late spring in most of the State east of the panhandle (Arndt, 2002). On average, more precipitation falls in May than in any other month across 90 percent of Oklahoma (Arndt, 2002). 4 Stable-Isotope Ratios of Hydrogen and Oxygen in Precipitation at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008 There typically is a secondary maximum of precipitation in September in most of the State (Arndt, 2002). On average, more precipitation falls during the nighttime hours, whereas the greatest rainfall intensities occur during late afternoon in Oklahoma (Carr, 1999). The character of precipitation also varies by season. Precipitation in winter (November through March) tends to be widespread stratiform precipitation and is usually associated with synoptic or large-scale storm systems (Carr, 1999). Precipitation in the summer (April through October) is almost entirely convective in nature, produced by mesoscale complexes and thunderstorms (Carr, 1999). The transition seasons of spring and autumn have both convective and stratiform precipitation (Loehrer and Johnson, 1995). Much of the precipitation during the transition seasons is associated with systems of moderate to severe thunderstorms. From October 1996 through September 2008, the annual average precipitation at the Norman Landfill Research Site was 851 mm/yr, and the average number of days with precipitation in each year was 75. Variation in daily precipitation amount is shown in figure 2, and monthly precipitation amounts are shown in figure 3 and table 1. For the precipitation samples collected from May 1996 through October 2008 the δ2H ranged from –121.9 to +8.3 ‰ and δ18O ranged from –16.96 to +0.50‰ (appendix 1). The δ2H and δ18O values for the sampling period are shown in figure 4 with the Global Meteoric Water Line (GMWL) (δ2H = 8.2 δ18O + 11.3; Rozanski and others, 1993) and Local Meteoric Water Line (LMWL) (δ2H = 7.32 δ18O + 9.5, best-fit line to the data). The volume-weighted average isotope values of precipitation at the Norman Landfill Research Site for the sampling period were −31.13‰ for δ2H and −5.57‰ for δ18O (appendix 1). Figures 5 and 6 illustrate the range of values of δ18O and δ2H observed at the Norman Landfill Research Site during each sample period. Because of high transpiration rates, summer precipitation in some areas at the landfill site does not recharge the groundwater system (Scholl and others, 2005; Scholl and others, 2006). For use in future groundwater studies involving isotopes, seasonal volume-weighted average values of δ2H and δ18O of precipitation for each year of the sampling period were calculated and are listed in appendix 2 and shown in figures 7 and 8. Seasonal values are volume-weighted averages for the summer growing season (April–October) and for the winter (November–March). Both δ2H and δ18O values in precipitation were greater in summer than in winter samples, with the exception of one year, 1998. Figure 2. Frequency distribution of daily precipitation amounts in millimeters at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008. 0 204060801001201401601800.512345710152025303540506075100125150FREQUENCYDAILY PRECIPITATION AMOUNT IN MILLIMETERSStable-Isotope Ratios of Hydrogen and Oxygen in Precipitation at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008 5 Figure 3. Monthly precipitation at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008. MAY 199 6NOV 1996JUN 1997JAN 1998AUG 1998MAR 1999SEP 1999APR 2000NOV 2000JUN 2001JAN 2002JUL 2002FEB 2003SEP 2003APR 2004NOV 2004MAY 2005DEC 2005JUL 2006FEB 2007SEP 2007MAR 2008MONTHLY050100150200250300MONTHLYPRECIPITATION,INMILLIMETERS6 Stable-Isotope Ratios of Hydrogen and Oxygen in Precipitation at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008 RA TIOOFHYDROGENISOTOPES(H),INPERMIL 2RATIOOFOXYGENISOTOPES(O),INPERMIL 18LocalmeteoricwaterlineH=7.32(O)+9.50 218GlobalmeteoricwaterlineH=8.2(O)+11.3 218200-20-40-60-80-100-120-140-15-10-505-20 Figure 4. Precipitation isotope data collected at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008, and the global and local meteoric water lines.Stable-Isotope Ratios of Hydrogen and Oxygen in Precipitation at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008 7 Figure 6. Ratio of oxygen isotopes (δ18O) measured in precipitation samples collected at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008. Figure 5. Ratio of hydrogen isotopes (δ2H) measured in precipitation samples collected at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008. -140.0 -120.0-100.0-80.0-60.0-40.0-20.00.020.0RATIO OF HYDROGEN ISOTOPES ( 2H), IN PER MILDATERATIO OF OXYGEN ISOTOPES ( 18O), IN PER MIL-18.0-16.0-14.0-12.0-10.0-8.0-6.0-4.0-2.00.02.0DATE8 Stable-Isotope Ratios of Hydrogen and Oxygen in Precipitation at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008 Figure 8. Annual seasonal average ratio of oxygen isotopes (δ18O) of precipitation samples collected at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, in summer and winter seasons, 1996–2008. Figure 7. Annual seasonal average ratio of hydrogen isotopes (δ2H) of precipitation samples collected at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, in summer and winter seasons, 1996–2008. -7 0-60-50-40-30-20-100199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009VOLUME-WEIGHTED AVERAGE RATIO OFHYDROGEN ISOTOPES ( 2 ), IN PER MILYEARSUMMER SEASONWINTER SEASON-12-10-8-6-4-20199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009VOLUME-WEIGHTED AVERAGE RATIO OFOXYGEN ISOTOPES ( 18 ), IN PER MILYEARSUMMER SEASONWINTER SEASONStable-Isotope Ratios of Hydrogen and Oxygen in Precipitation at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008 9 Table 1. Monthly precipitation at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, April 1996 through October 2008—Continued. [mm, millimeters] Month and year Monthly precipitation (mm) Month and year Monthly precipitation (mm) 1May 1996 31 November 1999 0.4 June 1996 9 December 1999 80 July 1996 17 January 2000 21 August 1996 93 February 2000 45 September 1996 41 March 2000 90 October 1996 26 April 2000 89 November 1996 132 May 2000 57 December 1996 2 June 2000 199 January 1997 6 July 2000 46 February 1997 89 August 2000 0 March 1997 27 September 2000 2 October 2000 218 April 1997 145 May 1997 138 November 2000 110 June 1997 140 December 2000 54 July 1997 18 January 2001 71 August 1997 68 February 2001 35 September 1997 0 March 2001 20 October 1997 101 April 2001 44 November 1997 80 May 2001 211 December 1997 115 June 2001 10 January 1998 116 July 2001 12 February 1998 20 August 2001 77 March 1998 175 September 2001 90 October 2001 66 April 1998 84 May 1998 31 November 2001 12 June 1998 33 December 2001 54 July 1998 6 January 2002 52 August 1998 13 February 2002 53 September 1998 137 March 2002 48 October 1998 67 April 2002 118 November 1998 43 May 2002 50 December 1998 36 June 2002 97 January 1999 41 July 2002 92 February 1999 38 August 2002 52 March 1999 89 September 2002 86 October 2002 88 April 1999 191 May 1999 90 November 2002 20 June 1999 159 December 2002 60 July 1999 22 January 2003 2 August 1999 11 February 2003 40 September 1999 73 March 2003 76 October 1999 66 2008. 10 Stable-Isotope Ratios of Hydrogen and Oxygen in Precipitation at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008 Table 1. Monthly precipitation at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, April 1996 through October 2008—Continued. [mm, millimeters] Month and year Monthly precipitation (mm) Month and year Monthly precipitation (mm) April 2003 58 April 2006 97 May 2003 41 May 2006 54 June 2003 159 June 2006 33 July 2003 14 July 2006 40 August 2003 120 August 2006 74 September 2003 71 September 2006 58 October 2003 23 October 2006 81 November 2003 27 November 2006 46 December 2003 21 December 2006 94 January 2004 48 January 2007 138 February 2004 47 February 2007 44 March 2004 86 March 2007 196 April 2004 52 April 2007 57 May 2004 10 May 2007 250 June 2004 199 June 2007 293 July 2004 113 July 2007 184 August 2004 81 August 2007 156 September 2004 26 September 2007 51 October 2004 150 October 2007 0 November 2004 139 November 2007 20 December 2004 20 December 2007 27 January 2005 52 January 2008 4 February 2005 52 February 2008 16 March 2005 18 March 2008 76 April 2005 7 April 2008 112 May 2005 62 May 2008 138 June 2005 86 June 2008 194 July 2005 60 July 2008 13 August 2005 108 August 2008 218 September 2005 50 September 2008 44 October 2005 60 October 2008 38 November 2005 0 December 2005 7 January 2006 8 February 2006 9 March 2006 66 1 This precipitation is the total from May 11–31, the period of sample collection.References Cited 11 Summary Precipitation samples were collected systematically from May 1996 through October 2008 at the Norman Landfill Research Site in Norman, Oklahoma, for determination of stable-isotope ratios of hydrogen (δ2H) and oxygen (δ18O). The δ2H of the precipitation samples ranged from −121.9 to +8.3‰, and the δ18O ranged from –16.96 to +0.50‰. Volume-weighted average values of δ2H and δ18O of precipitation at the site for the 12-year collection period were −31.13‰ for δ2H and −5.57‰ for δ18O. The local meteoric water line, calculated from those data, is δ2H = 7.32 δ18O + 9.5. Isotopic composition of the precipitation samples varied with season. With few exceptions, average summer (April through October) δ2H and δ18O values of precipitation were greater than winter values (November through March). Acknowledgments The authors thank Dale Ferree, U.S. Geological Survey (retired) and Kevin Smith, U.S. Geological Survey, for their assistance in collecting the precipitation samples and Nancy Simon, Kathy Conko, and William Andrews of the U.S. Geological Survey who provided helpful reviews of the manuscript. References Cited Arndt, Derek, 2002, Oklahoma’s climate: an overview: Oklahoma Climatological Survey, available online at http://climate.mesonet.org/county_climate/Products/oklahoma_climate_overview.pdf. (Accessed September 14, 2010.) Carr, Fred, 1999, Stratiform precipitation: University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, available online at http://www.comet.ucar.edu/class/faculty/Jun07_1999/html/stratiform_precip_may99/index.htm. (Accessed September 14, 2010.) Christenson, S.C., and Cozzarelli, I.M., 2003, The Norman Landfill Environmental Research Site: What happens to the waste in landfills?: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 040–03, 4 p. Coplen, T.B., 1988, Normalization of oxygen and hydrogen isotope data: Chemical Geology (Isotope Geoscience Section), v. 72, p. 293–297. Coplen, T.B., 1994, Reporting of stable hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen isotopic abundances: Pure and Applied Chemistry, v. 66, p. 273–276. Loehrer, S.M., and Johnson, R.H., 1995, Surface pressure and precipitation life cycle characteristics of PRE-STORM mesoscale convective systems: Monthly Weather Review, v. 123, p. 600–621. Masoner, J.R., Stannard, D.I., and Christenson, S.C., 2008, Differences in evaporation between a floating pan and Class A Pan on land: Journal of American Water Resources, v. 44, no. 3, p. 552–561. Révész, Kinga, and Coplen, T.B., 2008a, Determination of the δ(2H/1H) of water: RSIL lab code 1574, in chap. C1 of Révész, Kinga, and Coplen, T.B., eds., Methods of the Reston Stable Isotope Laboratory: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 10–C1, 27 p., also available online at http://pubs.U.S. Geological Survey.gov/tm/2007/tm10c1. (Accessed on September 14, 2010.) Révész, Kinga, and Coplen, T.B., 2008b, Determination of the δ(18O/16O) of water: RSIL lab code 489, in chap. C2 of Révész, Kinga, and Coplen, Tyler B., eds., Methods of the Reston Stable Isotope Laboratory: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods, 10–C2, 28 p., also available online at http://pubs.water.U.S. Geological Survey.gov/tm10c2. (Accessed September 14, 2010.) Rozanski, K., Araguas-Araguas, L., and Gonfiantini, R., 1993 Isotopic patterns in modern global precipitation, in Swart, P.K., Lohmann, K.C., McKenzie, J.A., Savin, S., eds., Climate change in continental isotopic records: American Geophysical Union Monograph 78, p. 1–36. Schlottman, J.L., Scholl, M.A., and Cozzarelli, I.M., 1999, Identifying ground-water and evaporated surface-water interactions near a landfill using Deuterium, 18Oxygen, and Chloride, Norman, Oklahoma, in Morganwalp, D.W., and Buxton, H.T., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program—Proceedings of the Technical Meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8–12, 1999—Volume 3 of 3—Subsurface Contamination from Point Sources: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99–4018C, p. 509–520. Scholl, M.A., Cozzarelli, I.M., Christenson, S.C., Breit, G.N., and Schlottman, J.L., 1999, Aquifer heterogeneity at the Norman, Oklahoma, landfill and its effect on observations of biodegradation processes, in Morganwalp, D.W., and Buxton, H.T., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program—Proceedings of the Technical Meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8–12, 1999—Volume 3 of 3—Subsurface Contamination from Point Sources: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99–4018C, p. 557–567. Scholl, M.A., Christenson, S.C., Cozzarelli, I.M., Ferree, D., and Jaeschke, J.B., 2005, Recharge processes in an 12 Stable-Isotope Ratios of Hydrogen and Oxygen in Precipitation at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008 alluvial aquifer riparian zone, Norman Landfill, Norman, Oklahoma, 1998–2000: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004–5238, 54 p. Scholl, M.A., Cozzarelli, I.M., Christenson, S.C., 2006, Recharge processes drive sulfate reduction in an alluvial aquifer contaminated with landfill leachate: Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, v. 86, no. 3–4, p. 239–261. U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agriculture Imagery Program, 2006, available online at http://datagateway.nrcs.usda.gov/. (Accessed June 30, 2006.)Appendixes 1–214 Stable-Isotope Ratios of Hydrogen and Oxygen in Precipitation at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008 Appendix 1 Appendix 1. Measurements of sample volume, ratios of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes (δ2H and δ18O), collection dates, and precipitation amounts from the precipitation-isotope collector and from the tipping bucket gage at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, May 10, 1996 through October 28, 2008—Continued. [mL, milliliters; δ2H ‰, ratio of hydrogen isotopes, in per mil; δ18O ‰, ratio of oxygen isotopes, in per mil; ND, no data; mm, millimeters; --, collection periods with no sample; >, greater than] Sample identifier Sample volume (mL) δ2H (‰) δ18O (‰) Start date End date Precipitation amount (mm) NLFP-01 91 -13.7 -2.9 05/10/96 05/22/96 12 NLFP-02 1,400 -31.3 -5.26 05/22/96 06/03/96 22 NLFP-03 900 -15.3 -3.39 06/03/96 06/19/96 6 NLFP-04 149 -2.2 -.82 06/19/96 07/03/96 7 NLFP-05 890 -30.3 -5.42 07/03/96 07/12/96 10 NLFP-06 1,670 -20.9 -4.22 07/12/96 07/31/96 ND NLFP-07 2,340 -13.5 -3.59 07/31/96 08/15/96 60 NLFP-09 498 -36.7 -5.92 08/15/96 08/29/96 33 NLFP-11 -- -- -- 08/29/96 09/10/96 0 NLFP-12 570 -54.6 -8.43 09/10/96 09/18/96 28 NLFP-13 950 -25.9 -5.03 09/18/96 09/25/96 11 NLFP-14 900 -45.9 -7.44 09/25/96 10/11/96 ND NLFP-15 250 -52.2 -8.74 10/11/96 10/25/96 ND NLFP-16 2,000 -21.4 -4.77 10/25/96 11/08/96 102 NLFP-17 303 -17.4 -4.46 11/08/96 11/22/96 20 NLFP-18 530 -59.9 -9.87 11/22/96 12/05/96 36 NLFP-19 -- -- -- 12/05/96 12/20/96 0 NLFP-20 -- -- -- 12/20/96 01/03/97 .5 NLFP-21 74 -76.9 -11.67 01/03/97 01/16/97 5 NLFP-22 -- -- -- 01/16/97 01/30/97 0 NLFP-23 310 -121.9 -16.96 01/30/97 02/14/97 24 NLFP-24 900 -34.8 -5.94 02/14/97 03/05/97 66 NLFP-25 59 +6.4 -1.44 03/05/97 03/13/97 6 NLFP-26 410 -27.3 -5.34 03/13/97 03/27/97 19 NLFP-27 1,200 -35.7 -6.46 03/27/97 04/10/97 51 NLFP-28 1,002 -55.5 -8.43 04/10/97 04/23/97 45 NLFP-29 1,595 -54.4 -8.44 04/23/97 05/07/97 73 NLFP-30 1,384 -33.8 -5.76 05/07/97 05/22/97 59 NLFP-32 1,220 -31.2 -5.21 05/22/97 06/05/97 54 2NLFP-34 2,500 -25.8 -4.95 06/05/97 06/16/97 124 NLFP-36 435 -33.2 -5.59 06/16/97 07/02/97 16 NLFP-37 150 -14.9 -3.17 07/02/97 07/17/97 6 NLFP-38 288 -16.4 -3.69 07/17/97 07/31/97 13 NLFP-39 1,469 -9.2 -2.9 07/31/97 08/14/97 68 NLFP-40 1,380 -19.8 -4.06 08/14/97 08/28/97 ND NLFP-41 50 +5.1 -.61 08/28/97 09/11/97 ND NLFP-42 1,861 -17.6 -3.74 09/11/97 09/25/97 ND NLFP-43 216 +.3 -2.52 09/25/97 10/09/97 11 NLFP-44 1,580 -8.6 -3.06 10/09/97 10/23/97 89 NLFP-45 372 -31.8 -6.51 10/23/97 11/06/97 ND 2008. Appendix 1 15 Appendix 1. Measurements of sample volume, ratios of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes (δ2H and δ18O), collection dates, and precipitation amounts from the precipitation-isotope collector and from the tipping bucket gage at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, May 10, 1996 through October 28, 2008—Continued. [mL, milliliters; δ2H ‰, ratio of hydrogen isotopes, in per mil; δ18O ‰, ratio of oxygen isotopes, in per mil; ND, no data; mm, millimeters; --, collection periods with no sample; >, greater than] Sample identifier Sample volume (mL) δ2H (‰) δ18O (‰) Start date End date Precipitation amount (mm) NLFP-46 892 -73.8 -11.87 11/06/97 11/20/97 40 NLFP-47 1,240 -26.4 -5.66 11/20/97 12/03/97 58 NLFP-48 290 -51.5 -9.48 12/03/97 12/18/97 12 NLFP-49 2,150 -61.8 -10.06 12/18/97 01/02/98 84 2NLFP-50 2,225 -43.2 -7.53 01/02/98 01/13/98 87 NLFP-51 164 -61.4 -9.94 01/13/98 01/29/98 7 NLFP-52 791 -25.7 -5.8 01/29/98 02/12/98 29 NLFP-53 360 -83.5 -12.16 02/12/98 02/26/98 12 NLFP-54 1,034 -54.8 -8.39 02/26/98 03/12/98 40 NLFP-55 2,338 -23.6 -5.6 03/12/98 03/17/98 109 NLFP-56 461 -- -8.86 03/17/98 03/26/98 21 1NLFP-57 -- -- -- 03/26/98 04/09/98 10 NLFP-58 238 -56.1 -8.93 04/09/98 04/23/98 9 NLFP-59 1,647 -30.5 -6.18 04/23/98 04/27/98 70 NLFP-60 44 -105.0 -14.14 04/27/98 05/07/98 .3 NLFP-61 1,330 -8.8 -3.01 05/07/98 05/21/98 9 NLFP-62 592 -10.5 -2.89 05/21/98 06/04/98 22 NLFP-63 735 -20.9 -3.6 06/04/98 06/18/98 33 NLFP-64 -- -- -- 06/18/98 07/02/98 0 NLFP-65 -- -- -- 07/02/98 07/16/98 6 NLFP-66 175 -8.9 -1.78 07/16/98 07/30/98 ND NLFP-67 215 -7.3 -1.5 07/30/98 08/17/98 10 NLFP-68 -- -- -- 08/17/98 08/27/98 0 NLFP-69 195 -12.0 -2.19 08/27/98 09/10/98 3 NLFP-70 1,870 -98.6 -13.7 09/10/98 09/15/98 85 NLFP-71 1,265 -34.8 -5.73 09/15/98 09/25/98 52 NLFP-72 1,195 -31.4 -5.72 09/25/98 10/07/98 34 NLFP-73 815 -30.3 -5.09 10/07/98 10/28/98 32 NLFP-74 1,488 -28.4 -5.94 10/28/98 11/03/98 ND NLFP-75 324 -24.9 -5.84 11/03/98 11/24/98 23 NLFP-76 1,078 -27.7 -5.44 11/24/98 12/16/98 49 NLFP-77 212 -21.5 -5.53 12/16/98 01/05/99 6 NLFP-78 -- -- -- 01/05/99 01/20/99 0 NLFP-79 1,104 -62.7 -9.64 01/20/99 02/04/99 41 NLFP-80 112 -21.3 -4.25 02/04/99 02/10/99 34 NLFP-81 679 -20.3 -4.61 02/10/99 02/25/99 4 NLFP-82 670 -9.9 -3.61 02/25/99 03/11/99 28 NLFP-83 1,240 -24.1 -5.10 03/11/99 03/18/99 55 NLFP-84 363 -11.9 -2.99 03/18/99 04/01/99 5 NLFP-85 2,370 -13.3 -3.44 04/01/99 04/28/99 19116 Stable-Isotope Ratios of Hydrogen and Oxygen in Precipitation at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008 Appendix 1. Measurements of sample volume, ratios of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes (δ2H and δ18O), collection dates, and precipitation amounts from the precipitation-isotope collector and from the tipping bucket gage at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, May 10, 1996 through October 28, 2008—Continued. [mL, milliliters; δ2H ‰, ratio of hydrogen isotopes, in per mil; δ18O ‰, ratio of oxygen isotopes, in per mil; ND, no data; mm, millimeters; --, collection periods with no sample; >, greater than] Sample identifier Sample volume (mL) δ2H (‰) δ18O (‰) Start date End date Precipitation amount (mm) NLFP-86 1,035 -22.0 -4.02 04/28/99 05/12/99 43 NLFP-87 1,387 -3.2 .00 05/12/99 06/14/99 69 NLFP-88 1,738 -15.0 -3.74 06/14/99 06/23/99 125 NLFP-89 735 -25.7 -4.66 06/23/99 07/19/99 34 NLFP-90 441 -13.0 -3.98 07/19/99 08/10/99 11 NLFP-91 -- -- -- 08/10/99 08/30/99 0 NLFP-92 2,377 -38.5 -6.73 08/30/99 09/14/99 ND NLFP-93 375 -4.4 -1.98 09/14/99 10/05/99 83 NLFP-94 67 -14.7 -2.75 10/05/99 10/18/99 3 NLFP-95 1,165 -39.3 -7.69 10/18/99 11/02/99 54 NLFP-96 -- -- -- 11/02/99 12/02/99 9 NLFP-97 1,375 -28.5 -6.07 12/02/99 12/09/99 70 NLFP-98 413 -49.3 -8.45 12/09/99 01/05/00 4 NLFP-99 511 -91.9 -13.06 01/05/00 01/31/00 17 NLFP-100 -- -- -- 01/31/00 02/10/00 0 NLFP-101 753 -26.7 -4.78 02/10/00 02/24/00 33 NLFP-102 1,104 -8.6 -2.77 02/24/00 03/14/00 50 NLFP-103 825 -20.5 -4.42 03/14/00 03/27/00 41 NLFP-104 499 -12.9 -3.44 03/27/00 04/06/00 28 NLFP-105 748 -22.8 -4.99 04/06/00 04/19/00 33 NLFP-106 1,005 -11.8 -2.82 04/19/00 05/03/00 42 NLFP-107 22 -27.5 -4.35 05/03/00 05/24/00 .3 NLFP-108 1,758 -29.9 -5.07 05/24/00 06/08/00 79 NLFP-109 1,098 -30.6 -5.63 06/08/00 06/19/00 90 NLFP-110 2,380 -25.6 -4.77 06/19/00 06/29/00 84 NLFP-111 1,703 -35.2 -5.3 06/29/00 07/05/00 ND NLFP-112 787 -31.8 -5.9 07/05/00 07/25/00 ND NLFP-113 200 +8.3 +.47 07/25/00 08/09/00 10 NLFP-114 -- -- -- 08/09/00 08/31/00 0 NLFP-115 1,172 -58.8 -9.02 08/31/00 09/26/00 ND NLFP-116 28 -27.4 -5.48 09/26/00 10/12/00 3 NLFP-117 990 -33.6 -6.49 10/12/00 10/17/00 44 NLFP-118 1,463 -22.2 -5.26 10/17/00 10/23/00 68 NLFP-119 1,610 -14.4 -4.04 10/23/00 10/26/00 63 NLFP-120 1,970 -33.8 -6.16 10/26/00 11/07/00 100 NLFP-121 1,200 -61.5 -10.25 11/07/00 11/27/00 51 NLFP-122 745 -59.5 -9.86 11/27/00 12/20/00 28 NLFP-123 610 -64.2 -10.42 12/20/00 01/04/01 39 NLFP-124 1,182 -44.9 -7.97 01/04/01 01/31/01 57 NLFP-125 1,674 -20.3 -4.16 01/31/01 02/26/01 33Appendix 1 17 Appendix 1. Measurements of sample volume, ratios of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes (δ2H and δ18O), collection dates, and precipitation amounts from the precipitation-isotope collector and from the tipping bucket gage at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, May 10, 1996 through October 28, 2008—Continued. [mL, milliliters; δ2H ‰, ratio of hydrogen isotopes, in per mil; δ18O ‰, ratio of oxygen isotopes, in per mil; ND, no data; mm, millimeters; --, collection periods with no sample; >, greater than] Sample identifier Sample volume (mL) δ2H (‰) δ18O (‰) Start date End date Precipitation amount (mm) NLFP-126 275 -43.7 -6.86 02/26/01 03/21/01 17 NLFP-127 55 -47.0 -8.54 03/21/01 04/06/01 5 NLFP-128 1,205 -5.9 -2.20 04/06/01 04/26/01 44 NLFP-129 1,015 -40.4 -6.05 04/26/01 05/10/01 48 NLFP-130 2,025 -24.9 -4.51 05/10/01 05/29/01 97 NLFP-131 1,455 -14.9 -3.32 05/29/01 06/27/01 66 NLFP-132 206 +.2 -1.04 06/27/01 06/28/01 2 NLFP-133 40 -9.2 -2.85 06/28/01 07/02/01 8 NLFP-134 1,085 -9.4 -2.53 07/02/01 08/15/01 47 NLFP-135 211 -28.5 -3.35 08/15/01 08/25/01 34 NLFP-136 655 -20.4 -3.26 08/25/01 08/27/01 8 NLFP-137 2,225 -27.7 -5.07 08/27/01 09/17/01 53 NLFP-138 2,067 -24.8 -5.27 09/17/01 09/21/01 31 NLFP-139 1,405 -34.6 -6.21 09/21/01 10/22/01 66 NLFP-140 355 -9.1 -3.68 10/22/01 11/07/01 5 NLFP-141 336 -27.9 -5.91 11/07/01 12/12/01 17 NLFP-142 1,019 -79.2 -11.05 12/12/01 01/03/02 44 NLFP-143 689 -41.7 -6.79 01/03/02 01/28/02 24 NLFP-144 896 -50.3 -7.86 01/28/02 02/11/02 66 NLFP-145 90 -26.7 -4.85 02/11/02 02/21/02 15 NLFP-146 40 -26.3 -5.72 02/21/02 03/07/02 .3 NLFP-147 959 -47.1 -6.60 03/07/02 03/25/02 45 NLFP-148 1,525 -18.3 -4.27 03/25/02 04/10/02 70 NLFP-149 670 -42.7 -6.35 04/10/02 04/15/02 31 NLFP-150 425 -12.7 -2.25 04/15/02 05/02/02 20 NLFP-151 70 +5.9 -.58 05/02/02 05/13/02 5 2NLFP-152 >2,390 -24.2 -4.73 05/13/02 06/17/02 142 NLFP-153 740 -23.8 -4.50 06/17/02 07/02/02 37 NLFP-154 555 -12.8 -2.45 07/02/02 07/23/02 21 NLFP-155 655 -16.0 -3.40 07/23/02 08/11/02 33 NLFP-156 1,071 -7.2 -2.10 08/11/02 08/29/02 52 NLFP-157 990 -23.0 -5.41 08/29/02 09/17/02 41 NLFP-158 985 -43.1 -7.40 09/17/02 09/23/02 45 NLFP-159 940 -68.4 -9.90 09/23/02 10/10/02 ND NLFP-160 2,375 -66.0 -10.39 10/10/02 11/04/02 104 NLFP-161 18 -65.0 -8.97 11/04/02 11/26/02 4 NLFP-162 1,365 -73.1 -11.21 11/26/02 12/23/02 59 NLFP-163 32 -36.8 -6.52 12/23/02 01/09/03 1 NLFP-164 -- -- -- 01/09/03 01/15/03 2 NLFP-165 25 -48.6 -8.72 01/15/03 01/28/03 .318 Stable-Isotope Ratios of Hydrogen and Oxygen in Precipitation at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008 Appendix 1. Measurements of sample volume, ratios of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes (δ2H and δ18O), collection dates, and precipitation amounts from the precipitation-isotope collector and from the tipping bucket gage at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, May 10, 1996 through October 28, 2008—Continued. [mL, milliliters; δ2H ‰, ratio of hydrogen isotopes, in per mil; δ18O ‰, ratio of oxygen isotopes, in per mil; ND, no data; mm, millimeters; --, collection periods with no sample; >, greater than] Sample identifier Sample volume (mL) δ2H (‰) δ18O (‰) Start date End date Precipitation amount (mm) NLFP-166 380 -89.3 -13.34 01/28/03 02/13/03 21 NLFP-167 480 -68.8 -10.29 02/13/03 03/06/03 19 NLFP-168 900 -31.8 -5.12 03/06/03 03/18/03 36 NLFP-169 815 -60.4 -8.98 03/18/03 03/13/03 ND NLFP-170 620 -11.8 -3.31 03/13/03 04/05/03 68 NLFP-171 535 -21.9 -4.68 04/05/03 04/22/03 53 NLFP-172 38 -2.9 -1.82 04/22/03 04/30/03 4 NLFP-173 575 -18.5 -3.78 04/30/03 05/22/03 41 NLFP-174 310 -27.3 -4.90 05/22/03 06/03/03 15 NLFP-175 790 -47.6 -7.32 06/03/03 06/05/03 47 NLFP-176 705 -71.4 -10.14 06/05/03 06/10/03 61 NLFP-177 937 -28.8 -5.34 06/10/03 06/11/03 12 NLFP-178 406 -5.8 -1.25 06/11/03 06/25/03 18 NLFP-179 255 -18.7 -3.48 06/25/03 07/15/03 9 NLFP-180 1,166 -12.0 -2.88 07/15/03 08/11/03 31 NLFP-181 280 -16.2 -3.09 08/11/03 08/28/03 15 NLFP-182 1,500 -34.0 -6.22 08/28/03 09/02/03 ND NLFP-183 480 -25.3 -4.13 09/02/03 10/08/03 81 NLFP-184 162 -19.5 -3.84 10/08/03 10/23/03 12 NLFP-185 182 -1.9 -2.88 10/23/03 11/10/03 13 NLFP-186 218 -24.2 -4.97 11/10/03 11/20/03 16 NLFP-187 470 -29.2 -7.55 11/20/03 12/15/03 18 NLFP-188 31 -5.9 -2.36 12/15/03 01/08/04 2 NLFP-189 112 -21.2 -3.94 01/08/04 01/15/04 6 NLFP-190 937 -72.7 -10.57 01/15/04 01/20/04 37 NLFP-191 112 -34.0 -6.28 01/20/04 01/26/04 5 NLFP-192 420 -46.0 -8.74 01/26/04 02/03/04 19 NLFP-193 172 -37.1 -7.39 02/03/04 02/10/04 8 NLFP-194 495 -38.9 -6.92 02/10/04 03/01/04 20 NLFP-195 1,509 -9.9 -3.40 03/01/04 03/04/04 68 NLFP-196 160 -21.0 -3.57 03/04/04 03/11/04 3 NLFP-197 42 +1.6 -1.18 03/11/04 03/24/04 3 NLFP-198 370 -21.4 -4.5 03/24/04 04/08/04 18 NLFP-199 277 -45.1 -7.21 04/08/04 04/14/04 14 NLFP-200 186 -4.1 -1.68 04/14/04 04/22/04 9 NLFP-201 430 -24.1 -3.85 04/22/04 05/04/04 22 NLFP-202 1,520 -31.6 -4.81 05/04/04 06/14/04 122 NLFP-203 1,255 -31.4 -5.56 06/14/04 06/21/04 58 NLFP-204 1,802 -23.5 -3.88 06/21/04 07/07/04 77 NLFP-205 1,860 -25.6 -4.84 07/07/04 07/29/04 64Appendix 1 19 Appendix 1. Measurements of sample volume, ratios of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes (δ2H and δ18O), collection dates, and precipitation amounts from the precipitation-isotope collector and from the tipping bucket gage at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, May 10, 1996 through October 28, 2008—Continued. [mL, milliliters; δ2H ‰, ratio of hydrogen isotopes, in per mil; δ18O ‰, ratio of oxygen isotopes, in per mil; ND, no data; mm, millimeters; --, collection periods with no sample; >, greater than] Sample identifier Sample volume (mL) δ2H (‰) δ18O (‰) Start date End date Precipitation amount (mm) NLFP-206 216 -1.3 -0.50 07/29/04 08/04/04 11 NLFP-207 920 -19.5 -4.51 08/04/04 08/11/04 42 NLFP-208 338 -21.1 -4.58 08/11/04 08/16/04 17 NLFP-209 56 -24 -4.75 08/16/04 08/25/04 4 3NLFP-210 1,001 -7.0 -2.19 08/25/04 09/22/04 32 3NLFP-211 1,508 -19.2 -4.41 09/22/04 10/06/04 48 NLFP-212 1,315 -95.8 -13.35 10/06/04 10/12/04 57 NLFP-213 104 -51.3 -7.13 10/12/04 10/28/04 24 NLFP-214 258 -8.6 -2.07 10/28/04 11/08/04 44 NLFP-215 -- -- -- 11/08/04 11/18/04 65 NLFP-216 640 -56.6 -9.29 11/18/04 12/01/04 52 NLFP-217 -- -- -- 12/01/04 12/20/04 40 NLFP-218 168 -24.9 -5.14 12/20/04 01/10/05 17 NLFP-219 328 -112.3 -15.92 01/10/05 02/04/05 20 NLFP-220 280 -45.9 -8.22 02/04/05 02/08/05 6 NLFP-221 340 -6.3 -3.76 02/08/05 02/16/05 12 NLFP-222 310 -24.1 -4.80 02/16/05 02/25/05 9 NLFP-223 1,125 -95.8 -13.74 02/25/05 03/01/05 86 NLFP-224 870 -40.1 -6.78 03/01/05 06/01/05 60 NLFP-225 460 -11.2 -3.48 06/01/05 07/11/05 49 NLFP-226 -- -- -- 07/11/05 10/04/05 214 NLFP-227 480 -11.6 -2.97 10/04/05 10/11/05 30 NLFP-228 220 -24.7 -6.08 10/11/05 12/06/05 12 NLFP-229 450 -38.4 -6.8 12/06/05 03/13/06 29 NLFP-230 1,410 -44.1 -7.34 03/13/06 03/21/06 59 NLFP-231 -- -- -- 03/21/06 04/19/06 18 1,2NLFP-232 -- -- -- 04/19/06 05/03/06 86 NLFP-233 1,106 -21.6 -4.28 05/03/06 05/11/06 40 NLFP-234 360 -38.5 -5.72 05/11/06 06/01/06 14 NLFP-235 830 -25.1 -4.34 06/01/06 07/06/06 33 NLFP-236 1,060 -14.1 -2.98 07/06/06 07/17/06 34 NLFP-237 700 -11.0 -1.81 07/17/06 08/14/06 29 NLFP-238 700 +1.3 -.26 08/14/06 08/24/06 18 NLFP-239 900 -18.5 -3.76 08/24/06 08/28/06 29 NLFP-240 750 -35.2 -6.31 08/28/06 09/05/06 27 NLFP-241 640 -85.7 -11.82 09/05/06 09/18/06 22 NLFP-242 286 -27.4 -4.42 09/18/06 09/27/06 9 2NLFP-243 >2,200 -46.8 -7.76 09/27/06 10/18/06 81 NLFP-244 840 -24.0 -5.38 10/18/06 11/07/06 28 NLFP-245 490 -24.8 -5.11 11/07/06 11/29/06 1820 Stable-Isotope Ratios of Hydrogen and Oxygen in Precipitation at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008 Appendix 1. Measurements of sample volume, ratios of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes (δ2H and δ18O), collection dates, and precipitation amounts from the precipitation-isotope collector and from the tipping bucket gage at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, May 10, 1996 through October 28, 2008—Continued. [mL, milliliters; δ2H ‰, ratio of hydrogen isotopes, in per mil; δ18O ‰, ratio of oxygen isotopes, in per mil; ND, no data; mm, millimeters; --, collection periods with no sample; >, greater than] Sample identifier Sample volume (mL) δ2H (‰) δ18O (‰) Start date End date Precipitation amount (mm) 3NLFP-246 2,147 -31.6 -6.07 11/29/06 12/21/06 68 3NLFP-247 826 -32.5 -5.55 12/21/06 01/05/07 26 3,2NLFP-248 >2200 -41.6 -7.16 01/05/07 01/23/07 129 3NLFP-249 1,508 -65.2 -9.64 01/23/07 02/21/07 48 3NLFP-250 1,373 -19.6 -4.02 02/21/07 03/20/07 44 NLFP-251 -- -- -- 03/20/07 03/30/07 156 3NLFP-252 1,365 -38.3 -5.92 03/30/07 04/02/07 ND NLFP-253 118 -2.2 -3.07 04/02/07 04/18/07 43 2NLFP-254 >2,200 -24.1 -4.28 04/18/07 05/08/07 175 NLFP-255 405 -15.0 -3.1 05/08/07 05/15/07 11 NLFP-256 2,100 -20.5 -4.02 05/15/07 05/29/07 66 NLFP-257 1,210 -26.6 -4.18 05/29/07 06/11/07 41 2NLFP-258 >2,200 -19.3 -3.74 06/11/07 06/26/07 179 2NLFP-259 >2,200 -40.0 -6.33 06/26/07 07/09/07 126 2NLFP-260 >2,200 -24.4 -4.18 07/09/07 07/10/07 74 NLFP-261 2,100 -28.8 -4.87 07/10/07 08/01/07 69 2NLFP-262 >2,200 -56.6 -8.52 08/01/07 08/02/07 ND NLFP-263 1,200 -36.6 -6.20 08/21/07 09/12/07 37 NLFP-264 310 -14.6 +.50 09/12/07 09/26/07 13 NLFP-265 2,100 -19.7 -4.38 09/26/07 10/16/07 ND NLFP-266 500 -47.9 -8.25 10/16/07 10/26/07 ND NLFP-267 475 -72.4 -11.07 10/26/07 12/05/07 23 NLFP-268 2,150 -21.4 -4.64 12/05/07 12/18/07 19 NLFP-269 200 -49.9 -9.15 12/18/07 01/23/08 9 NLFP-270 240 -29.1 -5.59 01/23/08 02/08/08 11 NLFP-271 1,005 -35.5 -6.43 02/08/08 02/19/08 6 NLFP-272 900 -41.2 -7.03 02/19/08 03/04/08 22 NLFP-273 1,480 -29.4 -5.02 03/04/08 03/19/08 43 2NLFP-274 >2,200 -16.4 -3.82 03/19/08 04/11/08 110 NLFP-275 1,790 -10.1 -2.99 04/11/08 05/07/08 88 NLFP-276 1,600 -43.8 -7.20 05/07/08 05/19/08 23 NLFP-277 1,295 -28.9 -4.82 05/19/08 05/27/08 40 2NLFP-278 >2,200 -47.7 -7.77 05/27/08 06/09/08 98 2NLFP-279 >2,200 -30.6 -5.55 06/09/08 06/25/08 79 NLFP-280 600 -12.2 -2.40 06/25/08 07/11/08 20 NLFP-281 300 -6.6 -1.12 07/11/08 08/01/08 10 2NLFP-282 >2,200 -32.8 -5.44 08/01/08 08/11/08 91 NLFP-283 500 -45.1 -7.71 08/11/08 08/15/08 16 2NLFP-284 >2,200 -31.5 -5.85 08/15/08 08/19/08 104 NLFP-285 400 -28.3 -5.04 08/19/08 09/04/08 8Appendix 1 21 Appendix 1. Measurements of sample volume, ratios of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes (δ2H and δ18O), collection dates, and precipitation amounts from the precipitation-isotope collector and from the tipping bucket gage at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, May 10, 1996 through October 28, 2008—Continued. [mL, milliliters; δ2H ‰, ratio of hydrogen isotopes, in per mil; δ18O ‰, ratio of oxygen isotopes, in per mil; ND, no data; mm, millimeters; --, collection periods with no sample; >, greater than] Sample identifier Sample volume (mL) δ2H (‰) δ18O (‰) Start date End date Precipitation amount (mm) NLFP-286 1,100 -22.0 -4.68 09/04/08 09/10/08 33 NLFP-287 400 -32.1 -5.42 09/10/08 09/15/08 10 NLFP-288 500 -13.2 -3.85 09/15/08 10/14/08 20 NLFP-289 560 -13.6 -3.71 10/14/08 10/23/08 18 NLFP-290 1,800 -24.2 -5.02 10/23/08 10/28/08 ND Volume-weighted average (VWA) -31.1 -5.57 1 Data not used because sample was a duplicate, a control, or evaporated due to lack of oil layer. 2 Collector overflowed. 3 Volume not measured, estimated from rainfall. 22 Stable-Isotope Ratios of Hydrogen and Oxygen in Precipitation at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008 Appendix 2. Annual volume-weighted average deuterium and oxygen-18 (δ2H and δ18O) values during summer and winter seasons from the precipitation isotope collector at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008. [δ2H ‰, ratio of hydrogen isotopes, in per mil; δ18O ‰, ratio of oxygen isotopes, in per mil] Collection year(s) δ2H (o/oo) δ18O (o/oo) Summer season (April through October) 1996 -26.49 -4.95 1997 -27.12 -5.06 1998 -38.54 -6.42 1999 -19.09 -3.86 2000 -27.48 -5.16 2001 -23.02 -4.40 2002 -26.49 -4.92 2003 -27.99 -5.00 2004 -30.62 -5.25 2005 -25.20 -4.93 2006 -30.32 -5.14 2007 -29.89 -5.07 2008 -28.07 -5.20 Winter season (November through March) 1996–97 -36.07 -6.51 1997–98 -42.76 -7.92 1998–99 -29.92 -5.90 1999–2000 -32.35 -6.15 2000–01 -42.18 -7.37 2001–02 -49.21 -7.59 2002–03 -63.36 -9.78 2003–04 -32.31 -6.25 2004–05 -60.80 -9.59 2005–06 -40.81 -7.09 2006–07 -36.63 -6.44 2007–08 -33.12 -5.99 Appendix 2 Publishing support provided by Lafayette Publishing Service CenterJaeschke, Scholl, Cozzarelli, Masoner, Christenson, and Qi—Stable-Isotope Ratios of Hydrogen and Oxygen in Precipitation at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008—SIR 2011–5262 Printed on recycled paper
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Okla State Agency |
University of Oklahoma |
Okla Agency Code | '760' |
Title | Stable-isotope ratios of hydrogen and oxygen in precipitation at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996-2008 |
Authors |
Jaeschke, Jeanne B. Scholl, M. A. (Martha A.) Cozzarelli, Isabelle M. Masoner, Jason R. Christenson, Scott C. Qi, Haiping. University of Oklahoma. Oklahoma State University. United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Geological Survey (U.S.) |
Publisher | United States Geological Survey |
Publication Date | 2011-06-24 |
Publication type |
Research Report/Study |
Subject |
Radioisotopes in hydrology. Rain and rainfall--Oklahoma--Norman.' Hydrogen--Isotopes--Oklahoma--Norman. Oxygen--Isotopes--Oklahoma--Norman. |
Purpose | Stable-isotope ratios of hydrogen and oxygen in precipitation were measured at the Norman Landfill Research Site. These data can be useful for investigations involving (1) regional average precipitation isotope values, (2) distinguishing variations in local climate patterns, (3) hydrologic tracers of recharge and groundwater-surface water interactions and (4) water-balance calculations. |
Series | Scientific investigations report ; 2011-5262 |
OkDocs Class# | Z2900.8 S775r 2011 |
Digital Format | PDF, Adobe Reader required |
ODL electronic copy | Downloaded from agency website: pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5262/pdf/SIR11-5262.pdf |
Rights and Permissions | This Oklahoma state government publication is provided for educational purposes under U.S. copyright law. Other usage requires permission of copyright holders. |
Language | English |
Full text | U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011–5262 Prepared in collaboration with the University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma State University, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Stable-Isotope Ratios of Hydrogen and Oxygen in Precipitation at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008 Cover Precipitation isotope collector (J.R. Masoner, U.S. Geological Survey). Stable-Isotope Ratios of Hydrogen and Oxygen in Precipitation at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008 By Jeanne B. Jaeschke, Martha A. Scholl, Isabelle M. Cozzarelli, Jason R. Masoner, Scott Christenson, and Haiping Qi Prepared in collaboration with the University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma State University, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Scientific Investigations Report 2011–5262 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological SurveyU.S. Department of the Interior KEN SALAZAR, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Marcia K. McNutt, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2011 This and other USGS information products are available at http://store.usgs.gov/ U.S. Geological Survey Box 25286, Denver Federal Center Denver, CO 80225 To learn about the USGS and its information products visit http://www.usgs.gov/ 1-888-ASK-USGS Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted materials contained within this report. Suggested citation: Jaeschke, J.B., Scholl, M.A., Cozzarelli, I.M., Masoner, J.R., Christenson, Scott, and Qi, Haiping, 2011, Stable-isotope ratios of hydrogen and oxygen in precipitation at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report, 2011–5262, 22 p.iii Contents Abstract ..........................................................................................................................................................1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................1 Methods .........................................................................................................................................................1 Precipitation Sample Collection .........................................................................................................1 Measurement and Analysis of δ2H and δ18O of Precipitation Samples .......................................3 Quality Assurance ...............................................................................................................................3 Stable-Isotope Ratios of Hydrogen and Oxygen in Precipitation at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008 ..........................................................................................................................................3 Summary ......................................................................................................................................................11 Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................................................11 References Cited ........................................................................................................................................11 Appendixes 1. Measurements of sample volume, ratios of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes (δ2H and δ18O) ......................................................................................................................................14 2. Annual volume-weighted average deuterium and oxygen-18 (δ2H and δ18O) values .....22 Figures 1. Map showing location of the Norman Landfill, Oklahoma ....................................................2 2–8. Graphs showing: 2. Frequency distribution of daily precipitation amounts in millimeters at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008 .....................................................................4 3. Monthly precipitation at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008 ........................5 4. Precipitation isotope data collected at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow- gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008, and the global and local meteoric water lines .....................................................6 5. Ratio of hydrogen isotopes (δ2H) measured in precipitation samples collected at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008 .....................................................................7 6. Ratio of oxygen isotopes (δ18O) measured in precipitation samples collected at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008 .....................................................................7 7. Annual seasonal average ratio of hydrogen isotopes (δ2H) of precipitation samples collected at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, in summer and winter seasons, 1996–2008 .................................................................................................8 8. Annual seasonal average ratio of oxygen isotopes (δ18O) of precipitation samples collected at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, in summer and winter seasons, 1996–2008 .................................................................................................8 Table 1. Monthly precipitation at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, April 1996 through October 2008 .................................................................................................................................9iv Conversion Factors and Abbreviations SI to Inch/Pound Multiply By To obtain Length centimeter (cm) 0.3937 inch (in.) millimeter (mm) 0.03937 inch (in.) meter (m) 3.281 foot (ft) meter (m) 1.094 yard (yd) Volume liter (L) 33.82 ounce, fluid (fl. oz) milliliter (mL) 0.0338 ounce, fluid (fl. oz) liter (L) 1.057 quart (qt) liter (L) 0.2642 gallon (gal) cubic meter (m3) 264.2 gallon (gal) cubic decimeter (dm3) 0.2642 gallon (gal) inch per year (in/yr) 25.4 millimeter per year (mm/yr) Temperature in degrees Celsius (°C) may be converted to degrees Fahrenheit (°F) as follows: °F=(1.8×°C)+32 Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (°F) may be converted to degrees Celsius (°C) as follows: °C=(°F-32)/1.8 Vertical coordinate information is referenced to the insert datum name (and abbreviation) here for instance, “North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD 88).” Horizontal coordinate information is referenced to the insert datum name (and abbreviation) here for instance, “North American Datum of 1983 (NAD 83).” Altitude, as used in this report, refers to distance above the vertical datum. Per mil: A unit expressing the ratio of stable-isotopic abundances of an element in a sample to those of a standard material. Additional Abbreviations Used in this Report δ2H relative difference of hydrogen isotope ratios δ18O relative difference of oxygen isotope ratio GMWL Global Meteoric Water Line LMWL Local Meteoric Water Line NWIS National Water Information System P precipitation sample volume per mil, ‰ 1/1,000 SLAP Standard Light Antarctic Precipitation USGS U.S. Geological Survey VWA volume-weighted average VSMOW Vienna Standard Mean Ocean WaterStable-Isotope Ratios of Hydrogen and Oxygen in Precipitation at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008 By Jeanne B. Jaeschke, Martha A. Scholl, Isabelle M. Cozzarelli, Jason R. Masoner, Scott Christenson, and Haiping Qi Abstract Precipitation samples for measurement of stable-isotope ratios of hydrogen (δ2H) and oxygen (δ18O) were collected at the Norman Landfill Research Site in Norman, Oklahoma, from May 1996 to October 2008. Rainfall amounts also were measured at the site (U.S. Geological Survey gaging station 07229053) during the collection period. The δ2H of precipitation samples ranged from −121.9 to +8.3 per mil, and the δ18O of precipitation ranged from –16.96 to +0.50 per mil. The volume-weighted average values for δ2H and δ18O of precipitation over the 12-year measurement period were −31.13 per mil for δ2H and −5.57 per mil for δ18O. Average summer-season δ2H and δ18O values of precipitation usually were more positive (enriched in the heavier isotopes) than winter values. Introduction The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) began multidisciplinary investigations in 1994 at the Norman Landfill (fig. 1), as part of the Toxic Substances Hydrology Program (http://toxics.usgs.gov), in collaboration with scientists at the University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma State University, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The Norman Landfill is a closed municipal solid waste landfill on the Canadian River alluvial plain in the southern part of Norman, Okla.; the landfill does not have a liner or leachate-collection system. The landfill accepted solid waste from about 1922 to 1985 then was closed and capped with a clayey soil (Christenson and Cozzarelli, 2003). Cumulative precipitation samples were collected at intervals from 1 to 4 weeks, but usually biweekly (every 2 weeks), at the landfill from May 1996 through October 2008. These samples were analyzed for relative isotope ratios of hydrogen (2H/1H) and oxygen (18O/16O), abbreviated hereafter as δ2H and δ18O. Some of these data have been previously reported in Scholl and others (1999), Schlottman and others (1999), Scholl and others (2005), and Masoner and others (2008). Stable-isotope ratios of hydrogen and oxygen in precipitation were measured at the Norman Landfill Research Site. These data can be useful for investigations involving (1) regional average precipitation isotope values, (2) distinguishing variations in local climate patterns, (3) hydrologic tracers of recharge and groundwater-surface water interactions and (4) water-balance calculations. This report provides δ2H and δ18O values of precipitation collected at the Norman Landfill Research Site from May 1996 through October 2008, as well as rainfall amounts for that period from gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman. Volume-weighted average δ2H and δ18O values of precipitation collected during the entire monitoring period and by season during that period also are presented. Methods Precipitation Sample Collection Precipitation samples for stable-isotope analysis were collected from May 1996 through October 2008 on top of the east landfill mound (east cell), which rises approximately 13 meters (m) above the surrounding land surface at the Norman Landfill Research Site (fig. 1). Precipitation samples were collected at intervals from 1 to 4 weeks, but usually biweekly (every 2 weeks). Snow was infrequent at the site, and any snow falling on the precipitation collector was added to each precipitation sample when the snow melted. Snow catch was affected by wind; thus, snow contribution to a cumulative sample may have been underrepresented. The collector location was 35° 09' 57" N; 97° 26' 36" W (Universal Transverse Mercator Zone 14; 641765 East, 3892536 North). Rainfall amounts were measured by a tipping-bucket rain gage at the USGS streamflow-gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Okla. (fig. 1), which was approximately 386 m from the precipitation sample collector. Daily 2 Stable-Isotope Ratios of Hydrogen and Oxygen in Precipitation at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008 Figure 1. Location of the Norman Landfill, Oklahoma. Stable-Isotope Ratios of Hydrogen and Oxygen in Precipitation at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008 3 precipitation amounts measured at this and other sites are available online from the USGS National Water Information system (NWIS) at http://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/rt. Precipitation samples for stable-isotope analysis were collected in a funnel/bottle collector. The bottle contained a 2-centimeter (cm) layer of mineral oil to prevent sample evaporation. The funnel was about 20 cm in diameter, with tubing from the funnel stem inserted into the top of a 2-liter (L) collection bottle. The top of the funnel was 2.2 m above the ground. At the end of each sampling period, mineral oil was separated from water samples by using one of three methods: (1) a separatory funnel, (2) a valve cap placed on the collection bottle so that the bottle functioned as a separatory funnel, or (3) sample water was pumped slowly from underneath the oil layer. Samples were filtered by using a small funnel holding two qualitative paper filters to remove residual oil and debris into 30- or 60-milliliter (mL) glass bottles with cone shaped Poly-Seal™ caps. In the sampling process, the total volume of water from the collection bottle was measured with a graduated cylinder and recorded. For 14 of the 290 samples, the collection bottle overfilled during the sampling period so either no analysis was done or the analysis that was done represented only part of the precipitation for those sampling periods (appendix 1). Measurement and Analysis of δ2H and δ18O of Precipitation Samples Measurement of δ2H in the precipitation samples was done by the Pt-Hokko-bead equilibration technique with a VG Micromass 602 dual inlet isotope-ratio mass spectrometer (DI-IRMS) (Révész and Coplen, 2008a), with each analysis requiring 1.5 mL of sample. Measurement of δ18O in the samples was done by the carbon dioxide (CO2)-water equilibration technique by using a DuPont dual inlet double-focusing mass spectrometer, which measured, alternatively, the isotope-number ratios of the unknown CO2 gas derived from the sample and of the “working reference” CO2 gas (Révész and Coplen, 2008b), with each analysis requiring 2 mL of water. The stable-isotope ratio of a sample is expressed as a delta value, and is defined for hydrogen as δ2212121HHHHHHHsstdstd= − (1) where s is the sample and std is the laboratory standard. Oxygen isotope delta values are calculated in the same way, except the isotopes are 18O/16O. Stable isotope values are reported in parts per thousand, or per mil (‰), so the value is multiplied by 1,000. Volume-weighted average (VWA) isotopic compositions of water samples were calculated for both δ2H and δ18O by the equation VWAPPiiiniin= ()== δ11 (2) where δi is the δ18O or δ2H value of the sample (per mil), Pi is the measured sample volume, in milliliters, and n is the total number of samples over which the summation (i = 1 to n) was performed. Quality Assurance Laboratory reference waters, deionized water, and Antarctic water (highly depleted in δ2H), were analyzed with the precipitation samples. The precision goal was standard deviation of sample groups of less than ±1.55 per mil (‰). The local laboratory reference waters were calibrated with the international measurement standards Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water (VSMOW) and Standard Light Antarctic Precipitation (SLAP) (Coplen, 1988; Coplen, 1994), having international consensus δ2H values of 0‰ and –428‰, and δ18O values of 0‰ and –55.5‰, respectively. Duplicates of all samples were analyzed on different days. Different Pt-Hokko-bead rods and ports typically were used for analysis of duplicates, minimizing errors caused by misidentification and any other analytical problems. If hydrogen-isotope values of the duplicates did not agree within acceptable tolerances (±1‰), the samples were reanalyzed until acceptable tolerances were met. For each batch of samples, a graph was made of δ2H plotted in relation to δ18O. The δ2H and δ18O values of naturally occurring waters normally have high correlations. Stable-Isotope Ratios of Hydrogen and Oxygen in Precipitation at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008 The climate of Oklahoma is continental, with warm moist air periodically moving northward from the Gulf of Mexico. Summers are long and hot; winters are shorter, with infrequent periods of extreme cold. Maximum precipitation typically falls in late spring in most of the State east of the panhandle (Arndt, 2002). On average, more precipitation falls in May than in any other month across 90 percent of Oklahoma (Arndt, 2002). 4 Stable-Isotope Ratios of Hydrogen and Oxygen in Precipitation at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008 There typically is a secondary maximum of precipitation in September in most of the State (Arndt, 2002). On average, more precipitation falls during the nighttime hours, whereas the greatest rainfall intensities occur during late afternoon in Oklahoma (Carr, 1999). The character of precipitation also varies by season. Precipitation in winter (November through March) tends to be widespread stratiform precipitation and is usually associated with synoptic or large-scale storm systems (Carr, 1999). Precipitation in the summer (April through October) is almost entirely convective in nature, produced by mesoscale complexes and thunderstorms (Carr, 1999). The transition seasons of spring and autumn have both convective and stratiform precipitation (Loehrer and Johnson, 1995). Much of the precipitation during the transition seasons is associated with systems of moderate to severe thunderstorms. From October 1996 through September 2008, the annual average precipitation at the Norman Landfill Research Site was 851 mm/yr, and the average number of days with precipitation in each year was 75. Variation in daily precipitation amount is shown in figure 2, and monthly precipitation amounts are shown in figure 3 and table 1. For the precipitation samples collected from May 1996 through October 2008 the δ2H ranged from –121.9 to +8.3 ‰ and δ18O ranged from –16.96 to +0.50‰ (appendix 1). The δ2H and δ18O values for the sampling period are shown in figure 4 with the Global Meteoric Water Line (GMWL) (δ2H = 8.2 δ18O + 11.3; Rozanski and others, 1993) and Local Meteoric Water Line (LMWL) (δ2H = 7.32 δ18O + 9.5, best-fit line to the data). The volume-weighted average isotope values of precipitation at the Norman Landfill Research Site for the sampling period were −31.13‰ for δ2H and −5.57‰ for δ18O (appendix 1). Figures 5 and 6 illustrate the range of values of δ18O and δ2H observed at the Norman Landfill Research Site during each sample period. Because of high transpiration rates, summer precipitation in some areas at the landfill site does not recharge the groundwater system (Scholl and others, 2005; Scholl and others, 2006). For use in future groundwater studies involving isotopes, seasonal volume-weighted average values of δ2H and δ18O of precipitation for each year of the sampling period were calculated and are listed in appendix 2 and shown in figures 7 and 8. Seasonal values are volume-weighted averages for the summer growing season (April–October) and for the winter (November–March). Both δ2H and δ18O values in precipitation were greater in summer than in winter samples, with the exception of one year, 1998. Figure 2. Frequency distribution of daily precipitation amounts in millimeters at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008. 0 204060801001201401601800.512345710152025303540506075100125150FREQUENCYDAILY PRECIPITATION AMOUNT IN MILLIMETERSStable-Isotope Ratios of Hydrogen and Oxygen in Precipitation at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008 5 Figure 3. Monthly precipitation at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008. MAY 199 6NOV 1996JUN 1997JAN 1998AUG 1998MAR 1999SEP 1999APR 2000NOV 2000JUN 2001JAN 2002JUL 2002FEB 2003SEP 2003APR 2004NOV 2004MAY 2005DEC 2005JUL 2006FEB 2007SEP 2007MAR 2008MONTHLY050100150200250300MONTHLYPRECIPITATION,INMILLIMETERS6 Stable-Isotope Ratios of Hydrogen and Oxygen in Precipitation at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008 RA TIOOFHYDROGENISOTOPES(H),INPERMIL 2RATIOOFOXYGENISOTOPES(O),INPERMIL 18LocalmeteoricwaterlineH=7.32(O)+9.50 218GlobalmeteoricwaterlineH=8.2(O)+11.3 218200-20-40-60-80-100-120-140-15-10-505-20 Figure 4. Precipitation isotope data collected at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008, and the global and local meteoric water lines.Stable-Isotope Ratios of Hydrogen and Oxygen in Precipitation at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008 7 Figure 6. Ratio of oxygen isotopes (δ18O) measured in precipitation samples collected at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008. Figure 5. Ratio of hydrogen isotopes (δ2H) measured in precipitation samples collected at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008. -140.0 -120.0-100.0-80.0-60.0-40.0-20.00.020.0RATIO OF HYDROGEN ISOTOPES ( 2H), IN PER MILDATERATIO OF OXYGEN ISOTOPES ( 18O), IN PER MIL-18.0-16.0-14.0-12.0-10.0-8.0-6.0-4.0-2.00.02.0DATE8 Stable-Isotope Ratios of Hydrogen and Oxygen in Precipitation at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008 Figure 8. Annual seasonal average ratio of oxygen isotopes (δ18O) of precipitation samples collected at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, in summer and winter seasons, 1996–2008. Figure 7. Annual seasonal average ratio of hydrogen isotopes (δ2H) of precipitation samples collected at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, in summer and winter seasons, 1996–2008. -7 0-60-50-40-30-20-100199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009VOLUME-WEIGHTED AVERAGE RATIO OFHYDROGEN ISOTOPES ( 2 ), IN PER MILYEARSUMMER SEASONWINTER SEASON-12-10-8-6-4-20199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009VOLUME-WEIGHTED AVERAGE RATIO OFOXYGEN ISOTOPES ( 18 ), IN PER MILYEARSUMMER SEASONWINTER SEASONStable-Isotope Ratios of Hydrogen and Oxygen in Precipitation at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008 9 Table 1. Monthly precipitation at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, April 1996 through October 2008—Continued. [mm, millimeters] Month and year Monthly precipitation (mm) Month and year Monthly precipitation (mm) 1May 1996 31 November 1999 0.4 June 1996 9 December 1999 80 July 1996 17 January 2000 21 August 1996 93 February 2000 45 September 1996 41 March 2000 90 October 1996 26 April 2000 89 November 1996 132 May 2000 57 December 1996 2 June 2000 199 January 1997 6 July 2000 46 February 1997 89 August 2000 0 March 1997 27 September 2000 2 October 2000 218 April 1997 145 May 1997 138 November 2000 110 June 1997 140 December 2000 54 July 1997 18 January 2001 71 August 1997 68 February 2001 35 September 1997 0 March 2001 20 October 1997 101 April 2001 44 November 1997 80 May 2001 211 December 1997 115 June 2001 10 January 1998 116 July 2001 12 February 1998 20 August 2001 77 March 1998 175 September 2001 90 October 2001 66 April 1998 84 May 1998 31 November 2001 12 June 1998 33 December 2001 54 July 1998 6 January 2002 52 August 1998 13 February 2002 53 September 1998 137 March 2002 48 October 1998 67 April 2002 118 November 1998 43 May 2002 50 December 1998 36 June 2002 97 January 1999 41 July 2002 92 February 1999 38 August 2002 52 March 1999 89 September 2002 86 October 2002 88 April 1999 191 May 1999 90 November 2002 20 June 1999 159 December 2002 60 July 1999 22 January 2003 2 August 1999 11 February 2003 40 September 1999 73 March 2003 76 October 1999 66 2008. 10 Stable-Isotope Ratios of Hydrogen and Oxygen in Precipitation at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008 Table 1. Monthly precipitation at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, April 1996 through October 2008—Continued. [mm, millimeters] Month and year Monthly precipitation (mm) Month and year Monthly precipitation (mm) April 2003 58 April 2006 97 May 2003 41 May 2006 54 June 2003 159 June 2006 33 July 2003 14 July 2006 40 August 2003 120 August 2006 74 September 2003 71 September 2006 58 October 2003 23 October 2006 81 November 2003 27 November 2006 46 December 2003 21 December 2006 94 January 2004 48 January 2007 138 February 2004 47 February 2007 44 March 2004 86 March 2007 196 April 2004 52 April 2007 57 May 2004 10 May 2007 250 June 2004 199 June 2007 293 July 2004 113 July 2007 184 August 2004 81 August 2007 156 September 2004 26 September 2007 51 October 2004 150 October 2007 0 November 2004 139 November 2007 20 December 2004 20 December 2007 27 January 2005 52 January 2008 4 February 2005 52 February 2008 16 March 2005 18 March 2008 76 April 2005 7 April 2008 112 May 2005 62 May 2008 138 June 2005 86 June 2008 194 July 2005 60 July 2008 13 August 2005 108 August 2008 218 September 2005 50 September 2008 44 October 2005 60 October 2008 38 November 2005 0 December 2005 7 January 2006 8 February 2006 9 March 2006 66 1 This precipitation is the total from May 11–31, the period of sample collection.References Cited 11 Summary Precipitation samples were collected systematically from May 1996 through October 2008 at the Norman Landfill Research Site in Norman, Oklahoma, for determination of stable-isotope ratios of hydrogen (δ2H) and oxygen (δ18O). The δ2H of the precipitation samples ranged from −121.9 to +8.3‰, and the δ18O ranged from –16.96 to +0.50‰. Volume-weighted average values of δ2H and δ18O of precipitation at the site for the 12-year collection period were −31.13‰ for δ2H and −5.57‰ for δ18O. The local meteoric water line, calculated from those data, is δ2H = 7.32 δ18O + 9.5. Isotopic composition of the precipitation samples varied with season. With few exceptions, average summer (April through October) δ2H and δ18O values of precipitation were greater than winter values (November through March). Acknowledgments The authors thank Dale Ferree, U.S. Geological Survey (retired) and Kevin Smith, U.S. Geological Survey, for their assistance in collecting the precipitation samples and Nancy Simon, Kathy Conko, and William Andrews of the U.S. Geological Survey who provided helpful reviews of the manuscript. References Cited Arndt, Derek, 2002, Oklahoma’s climate: an overview: Oklahoma Climatological Survey, available online at http://climate.mesonet.org/county_climate/Products/oklahoma_climate_overview.pdf. (Accessed September 14, 2010.) Carr, Fred, 1999, Stratiform precipitation: University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, available online at http://www.comet.ucar.edu/class/faculty/Jun07_1999/html/stratiform_precip_may99/index.htm. (Accessed September 14, 2010.) Christenson, S.C., and Cozzarelli, I.M., 2003, The Norman Landfill Environmental Research Site: What happens to the waste in landfills?: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 040–03, 4 p. Coplen, T.B., 1988, Normalization of oxygen and hydrogen isotope data: Chemical Geology (Isotope Geoscience Section), v. 72, p. 293–297. Coplen, T.B., 1994, Reporting of stable hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen isotopic abundances: Pure and Applied Chemistry, v. 66, p. 273–276. Loehrer, S.M., and Johnson, R.H., 1995, Surface pressure and precipitation life cycle characteristics of PRE-STORM mesoscale convective systems: Monthly Weather Review, v. 123, p. 600–621. Masoner, J.R., Stannard, D.I., and Christenson, S.C., 2008, Differences in evaporation between a floating pan and Class A Pan on land: Journal of American Water Resources, v. 44, no. 3, p. 552–561. Révész, Kinga, and Coplen, T.B., 2008a, Determination of the δ(2H/1H) of water: RSIL lab code 1574, in chap. C1 of Révész, Kinga, and Coplen, T.B., eds., Methods of the Reston Stable Isotope Laboratory: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 10–C1, 27 p., also available online at http://pubs.U.S. Geological Survey.gov/tm/2007/tm10c1. (Accessed on September 14, 2010.) Révész, Kinga, and Coplen, T.B., 2008b, Determination of the δ(18O/16O) of water: RSIL lab code 489, in chap. C2 of Révész, Kinga, and Coplen, Tyler B., eds., Methods of the Reston Stable Isotope Laboratory: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods, 10–C2, 28 p., also available online at http://pubs.water.U.S. Geological Survey.gov/tm10c2. (Accessed September 14, 2010.) Rozanski, K., Araguas-Araguas, L., and Gonfiantini, R., 1993 Isotopic patterns in modern global precipitation, in Swart, P.K., Lohmann, K.C., McKenzie, J.A., Savin, S., eds., Climate change in continental isotopic records: American Geophysical Union Monograph 78, p. 1–36. Schlottman, J.L., Scholl, M.A., and Cozzarelli, I.M., 1999, Identifying ground-water and evaporated surface-water interactions near a landfill using Deuterium, 18Oxygen, and Chloride, Norman, Oklahoma, in Morganwalp, D.W., and Buxton, H.T., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program—Proceedings of the Technical Meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8–12, 1999—Volume 3 of 3—Subsurface Contamination from Point Sources: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99–4018C, p. 509–520. Scholl, M.A., Cozzarelli, I.M., Christenson, S.C., Breit, G.N., and Schlottman, J.L., 1999, Aquifer heterogeneity at the Norman, Oklahoma, landfill and its effect on observations of biodegradation processes, in Morganwalp, D.W., and Buxton, H.T., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program—Proceedings of the Technical Meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8–12, 1999—Volume 3 of 3—Subsurface Contamination from Point Sources: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99–4018C, p. 557–567. Scholl, M.A., Christenson, S.C., Cozzarelli, I.M., Ferree, D., and Jaeschke, J.B., 2005, Recharge processes in an 12 Stable-Isotope Ratios of Hydrogen and Oxygen in Precipitation at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008 alluvial aquifer riparian zone, Norman Landfill, Norman, Oklahoma, 1998–2000: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004–5238, 54 p. Scholl, M.A., Cozzarelli, I.M., Christenson, S.C., 2006, Recharge processes drive sulfate reduction in an alluvial aquifer contaminated with landfill leachate: Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, v. 86, no. 3–4, p. 239–261. U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agriculture Imagery Program, 2006, available online at http://datagateway.nrcs.usda.gov/. (Accessed June 30, 2006.)Appendixes 1–214 Stable-Isotope Ratios of Hydrogen and Oxygen in Precipitation at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008 Appendix 1 Appendix 1. Measurements of sample volume, ratios of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes (δ2H and δ18O), collection dates, and precipitation amounts from the precipitation-isotope collector and from the tipping bucket gage at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, May 10, 1996 through October 28, 2008—Continued. [mL, milliliters; δ2H ‰, ratio of hydrogen isotopes, in per mil; δ18O ‰, ratio of oxygen isotopes, in per mil; ND, no data; mm, millimeters; --, collection periods with no sample; >, greater than] Sample identifier Sample volume (mL) δ2H (‰) δ18O (‰) Start date End date Precipitation amount (mm) NLFP-01 91 -13.7 -2.9 05/10/96 05/22/96 12 NLFP-02 1,400 -31.3 -5.26 05/22/96 06/03/96 22 NLFP-03 900 -15.3 -3.39 06/03/96 06/19/96 6 NLFP-04 149 -2.2 -.82 06/19/96 07/03/96 7 NLFP-05 890 -30.3 -5.42 07/03/96 07/12/96 10 NLFP-06 1,670 -20.9 -4.22 07/12/96 07/31/96 ND NLFP-07 2,340 -13.5 -3.59 07/31/96 08/15/96 60 NLFP-09 498 -36.7 -5.92 08/15/96 08/29/96 33 NLFP-11 -- -- -- 08/29/96 09/10/96 0 NLFP-12 570 -54.6 -8.43 09/10/96 09/18/96 28 NLFP-13 950 -25.9 -5.03 09/18/96 09/25/96 11 NLFP-14 900 -45.9 -7.44 09/25/96 10/11/96 ND NLFP-15 250 -52.2 -8.74 10/11/96 10/25/96 ND NLFP-16 2,000 -21.4 -4.77 10/25/96 11/08/96 102 NLFP-17 303 -17.4 -4.46 11/08/96 11/22/96 20 NLFP-18 530 -59.9 -9.87 11/22/96 12/05/96 36 NLFP-19 -- -- -- 12/05/96 12/20/96 0 NLFP-20 -- -- -- 12/20/96 01/03/97 .5 NLFP-21 74 -76.9 -11.67 01/03/97 01/16/97 5 NLFP-22 -- -- -- 01/16/97 01/30/97 0 NLFP-23 310 -121.9 -16.96 01/30/97 02/14/97 24 NLFP-24 900 -34.8 -5.94 02/14/97 03/05/97 66 NLFP-25 59 +6.4 -1.44 03/05/97 03/13/97 6 NLFP-26 410 -27.3 -5.34 03/13/97 03/27/97 19 NLFP-27 1,200 -35.7 -6.46 03/27/97 04/10/97 51 NLFP-28 1,002 -55.5 -8.43 04/10/97 04/23/97 45 NLFP-29 1,595 -54.4 -8.44 04/23/97 05/07/97 73 NLFP-30 1,384 -33.8 -5.76 05/07/97 05/22/97 59 NLFP-32 1,220 -31.2 -5.21 05/22/97 06/05/97 54 2NLFP-34 2,500 -25.8 -4.95 06/05/97 06/16/97 124 NLFP-36 435 -33.2 -5.59 06/16/97 07/02/97 16 NLFP-37 150 -14.9 -3.17 07/02/97 07/17/97 6 NLFP-38 288 -16.4 -3.69 07/17/97 07/31/97 13 NLFP-39 1,469 -9.2 -2.9 07/31/97 08/14/97 68 NLFP-40 1,380 -19.8 -4.06 08/14/97 08/28/97 ND NLFP-41 50 +5.1 -.61 08/28/97 09/11/97 ND NLFP-42 1,861 -17.6 -3.74 09/11/97 09/25/97 ND NLFP-43 216 +.3 -2.52 09/25/97 10/09/97 11 NLFP-44 1,580 -8.6 -3.06 10/09/97 10/23/97 89 NLFP-45 372 -31.8 -6.51 10/23/97 11/06/97 ND 2008. Appendix 1 15 Appendix 1. Measurements of sample volume, ratios of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes (δ2H and δ18O), collection dates, and precipitation amounts from the precipitation-isotope collector and from the tipping bucket gage at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, May 10, 1996 through October 28, 2008—Continued. [mL, milliliters; δ2H ‰, ratio of hydrogen isotopes, in per mil; δ18O ‰, ratio of oxygen isotopes, in per mil; ND, no data; mm, millimeters; --, collection periods with no sample; >, greater than] Sample identifier Sample volume (mL) δ2H (‰) δ18O (‰) Start date End date Precipitation amount (mm) NLFP-46 892 -73.8 -11.87 11/06/97 11/20/97 40 NLFP-47 1,240 -26.4 -5.66 11/20/97 12/03/97 58 NLFP-48 290 -51.5 -9.48 12/03/97 12/18/97 12 NLFP-49 2,150 -61.8 -10.06 12/18/97 01/02/98 84 2NLFP-50 2,225 -43.2 -7.53 01/02/98 01/13/98 87 NLFP-51 164 -61.4 -9.94 01/13/98 01/29/98 7 NLFP-52 791 -25.7 -5.8 01/29/98 02/12/98 29 NLFP-53 360 -83.5 -12.16 02/12/98 02/26/98 12 NLFP-54 1,034 -54.8 -8.39 02/26/98 03/12/98 40 NLFP-55 2,338 -23.6 -5.6 03/12/98 03/17/98 109 NLFP-56 461 -- -8.86 03/17/98 03/26/98 21 1NLFP-57 -- -- -- 03/26/98 04/09/98 10 NLFP-58 238 -56.1 -8.93 04/09/98 04/23/98 9 NLFP-59 1,647 -30.5 -6.18 04/23/98 04/27/98 70 NLFP-60 44 -105.0 -14.14 04/27/98 05/07/98 .3 NLFP-61 1,330 -8.8 -3.01 05/07/98 05/21/98 9 NLFP-62 592 -10.5 -2.89 05/21/98 06/04/98 22 NLFP-63 735 -20.9 -3.6 06/04/98 06/18/98 33 NLFP-64 -- -- -- 06/18/98 07/02/98 0 NLFP-65 -- -- -- 07/02/98 07/16/98 6 NLFP-66 175 -8.9 -1.78 07/16/98 07/30/98 ND NLFP-67 215 -7.3 -1.5 07/30/98 08/17/98 10 NLFP-68 -- -- -- 08/17/98 08/27/98 0 NLFP-69 195 -12.0 -2.19 08/27/98 09/10/98 3 NLFP-70 1,870 -98.6 -13.7 09/10/98 09/15/98 85 NLFP-71 1,265 -34.8 -5.73 09/15/98 09/25/98 52 NLFP-72 1,195 -31.4 -5.72 09/25/98 10/07/98 34 NLFP-73 815 -30.3 -5.09 10/07/98 10/28/98 32 NLFP-74 1,488 -28.4 -5.94 10/28/98 11/03/98 ND NLFP-75 324 -24.9 -5.84 11/03/98 11/24/98 23 NLFP-76 1,078 -27.7 -5.44 11/24/98 12/16/98 49 NLFP-77 212 -21.5 -5.53 12/16/98 01/05/99 6 NLFP-78 -- -- -- 01/05/99 01/20/99 0 NLFP-79 1,104 -62.7 -9.64 01/20/99 02/04/99 41 NLFP-80 112 -21.3 -4.25 02/04/99 02/10/99 34 NLFP-81 679 -20.3 -4.61 02/10/99 02/25/99 4 NLFP-82 670 -9.9 -3.61 02/25/99 03/11/99 28 NLFP-83 1,240 -24.1 -5.10 03/11/99 03/18/99 55 NLFP-84 363 -11.9 -2.99 03/18/99 04/01/99 5 NLFP-85 2,370 -13.3 -3.44 04/01/99 04/28/99 19116 Stable-Isotope Ratios of Hydrogen and Oxygen in Precipitation at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008 Appendix 1. Measurements of sample volume, ratios of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes (δ2H and δ18O), collection dates, and precipitation amounts from the precipitation-isotope collector and from the tipping bucket gage at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, May 10, 1996 through October 28, 2008—Continued. [mL, milliliters; δ2H ‰, ratio of hydrogen isotopes, in per mil; δ18O ‰, ratio of oxygen isotopes, in per mil; ND, no data; mm, millimeters; --, collection periods with no sample; >, greater than] Sample identifier Sample volume (mL) δ2H (‰) δ18O (‰) Start date End date Precipitation amount (mm) NLFP-86 1,035 -22.0 -4.02 04/28/99 05/12/99 43 NLFP-87 1,387 -3.2 .00 05/12/99 06/14/99 69 NLFP-88 1,738 -15.0 -3.74 06/14/99 06/23/99 125 NLFP-89 735 -25.7 -4.66 06/23/99 07/19/99 34 NLFP-90 441 -13.0 -3.98 07/19/99 08/10/99 11 NLFP-91 -- -- -- 08/10/99 08/30/99 0 NLFP-92 2,377 -38.5 -6.73 08/30/99 09/14/99 ND NLFP-93 375 -4.4 -1.98 09/14/99 10/05/99 83 NLFP-94 67 -14.7 -2.75 10/05/99 10/18/99 3 NLFP-95 1,165 -39.3 -7.69 10/18/99 11/02/99 54 NLFP-96 -- -- -- 11/02/99 12/02/99 9 NLFP-97 1,375 -28.5 -6.07 12/02/99 12/09/99 70 NLFP-98 413 -49.3 -8.45 12/09/99 01/05/00 4 NLFP-99 511 -91.9 -13.06 01/05/00 01/31/00 17 NLFP-100 -- -- -- 01/31/00 02/10/00 0 NLFP-101 753 -26.7 -4.78 02/10/00 02/24/00 33 NLFP-102 1,104 -8.6 -2.77 02/24/00 03/14/00 50 NLFP-103 825 -20.5 -4.42 03/14/00 03/27/00 41 NLFP-104 499 -12.9 -3.44 03/27/00 04/06/00 28 NLFP-105 748 -22.8 -4.99 04/06/00 04/19/00 33 NLFP-106 1,005 -11.8 -2.82 04/19/00 05/03/00 42 NLFP-107 22 -27.5 -4.35 05/03/00 05/24/00 .3 NLFP-108 1,758 -29.9 -5.07 05/24/00 06/08/00 79 NLFP-109 1,098 -30.6 -5.63 06/08/00 06/19/00 90 NLFP-110 2,380 -25.6 -4.77 06/19/00 06/29/00 84 NLFP-111 1,703 -35.2 -5.3 06/29/00 07/05/00 ND NLFP-112 787 -31.8 -5.9 07/05/00 07/25/00 ND NLFP-113 200 +8.3 +.47 07/25/00 08/09/00 10 NLFP-114 -- -- -- 08/09/00 08/31/00 0 NLFP-115 1,172 -58.8 -9.02 08/31/00 09/26/00 ND NLFP-116 28 -27.4 -5.48 09/26/00 10/12/00 3 NLFP-117 990 -33.6 -6.49 10/12/00 10/17/00 44 NLFP-118 1,463 -22.2 -5.26 10/17/00 10/23/00 68 NLFP-119 1,610 -14.4 -4.04 10/23/00 10/26/00 63 NLFP-120 1,970 -33.8 -6.16 10/26/00 11/07/00 100 NLFP-121 1,200 -61.5 -10.25 11/07/00 11/27/00 51 NLFP-122 745 -59.5 -9.86 11/27/00 12/20/00 28 NLFP-123 610 -64.2 -10.42 12/20/00 01/04/01 39 NLFP-124 1,182 -44.9 -7.97 01/04/01 01/31/01 57 NLFP-125 1,674 -20.3 -4.16 01/31/01 02/26/01 33Appendix 1 17 Appendix 1. Measurements of sample volume, ratios of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes (δ2H and δ18O), collection dates, and precipitation amounts from the precipitation-isotope collector and from the tipping bucket gage at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, May 10, 1996 through October 28, 2008—Continued. [mL, milliliters; δ2H ‰, ratio of hydrogen isotopes, in per mil; δ18O ‰, ratio of oxygen isotopes, in per mil; ND, no data; mm, millimeters; --, collection periods with no sample; >, greater than] Sample identifier Sample volume (mL) δ2H (‰) δ18O (‰) Start date End date Precipitation amount (mm) NLFP-126 275 -43.7 -6.86 02/26/01 03/21/01 17 NLFP-127 55 -47.0 -8.54 03/21/01 04/06/01 5 NLFP-128 1,205 -5.9 -2.20 04/06/01 04/26/01 44 NLFP-129 1,015 -40.4 -6.05 04/26/01 05/10/01 48 NLFP-130 2,025 -24.9 -4.51 05/10/01 05/29/01 97 NLFP-131 1,455 -14.9 -3.32 05/29/01 06/27/01 66 NLFP-132 206 +.2 -1.04 06/27/01 06/28/01 2 NLFP-133 40 -9.2 -2.85 06/28/01 07/02/01 8 NLFP-134 1,085 -9.4 -2.53 07/02/01 08/15/01 47 NLFP-135 211 -28.5 -3.35 08/15/01 08/25/01 34 NLFP-136 655 -20.4 -3.26 08/25/01 08/27/01 8 NLFP-137 2,225 -27.7 -5.07 08/27/01 09/17/01 53 NLFP-138 2,067 -24.8 -5.27 09/17/01 09/21/01 31 NLFP-139 1,405 -34.6 -6.21 09/21/01 10/22/01 66 NLFP-140 355 -9.1 -3.68 10/22/01 11/07/01 5 NLFP-141 336 -27.9 -5.91 11/07/01 12/12/01 17 NLFP-142 1,019 -79.2 -11.05 12/12/01 01/03/02 44 NLFP-143 689 -41.7 -6.79 01/03/02 01/28/02 24 NLFP-144 896 -50.3 -7.86 01/28/02 02/11/02 66 NLFP-145 90 -26.7 -4.85 02/11/02 02/21/02 15 NLFP-146 40 -26.3 -5.72 02/21/02 03/07/02 .3 NLFP-147 959 -47.1 -6.60 03/07/02 03/25/02 45 NLFP-148 1,525 -18.3 -4.27 03/25/02 04/10/02 70 NLFP-149 670 -42.7 -6.35 04/10/02 04/15/02 31 NLFP-150 425 -12.7 -2.25 04/15/02 05/02/02 20 NLFP-151 70 +5.9 -.58 05/02/02 05/13/02 5 2NLFP-152 >2,390 -24.2 -4.73 05/13/02 06/17/02 142 NLFP-153 740 -23.8 -4.50 06/17/02 07/02/02 37 NLFP-154 555 -12.8 -2.45 07/02/02 07/23/02 21 NLFP-155 655 -16.0 -3.40 07/23/02 08/11/02 33 NLFP-156 1,071 -7.2 -2.10 08/11/02 08/29/02 52 NLFP-157 990 -23.0 -5.41 08/29/02 09/17/02 41 NLFP-158 985 -43.1 -7.40 09/17/02 09/23/02 45 NLFP-159 940 -68.4 -9.90 09/23/02 10/10/02 ND NLFP-160 2,375 -66.0 -10.39 10/10/02 11/04/02 104 NLFP-161 18 -65.0 -8.97 11/04/02 11/26/02 4 NLFP-162 1,365 -73.1 -11.21 11/26/02 12/23/02 59 NLFP-163 32 -36.8 -6.52 12/23/02 01/09/03 1 NLFP-164 -- -- -- 01/09/03 01/15/03 2 NLFP-165 25 -48.6 -8.72 01/15/03 01/28/03 .318 Stable-Isotope Ratios of Hydrogen and Oxygen in Precipitation at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008 Appendix 1. Measurements of sample volume, ratios of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes (δ2H and δ18O), collection dates, and precipitation amounts from the precipitation-isotope collector and from the tipping bucket gage at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, May 10, 1996 through October 28, 2008—Continued. [mL, milliliters; δ2H ‰, ratio of hydrogen isotopes, in per mil; δ18O ‰, ratio of oxygen isotopes, in per mil; ND, no data; mm, millimeters; --, collection periods with no sample; >, greater than] Sample identifier Sample volume (mL) δ2H (‰) δ18O (‰) Start date End date Precipitation amount (mm) NLFP-166 380 -89.3 -13.34 01/28/03 02/13/03 21 NLFP-167 480 -68.8 -10.29 02/13/03 03/06/03 19 NLFP-168 900 -31.8 -5.12 03/06/03 03/18/03 36 NLFP-169 815 -60.4 -8.98 03/18/03 03/13/03 ND NLFP-170 620 -11.8 -3.31 03/13/03 04/05/03 68 NLFP-171 535 -21.9 -4.68 04/05/03 04/22/03 53 NLFP-172 38 -2.9 -1.82 04/22/03 04/30/03 4 NLFP-173 575 -18.5 -3.78 04/30/03 05/22/03 41 NLFP-174 310 -27.3 -4.90 05/22/03 06/03/03 15 NLFP-175 790 -47.6 -7.32 06/03/03 06/05/03 47 NLFP-176 705 -71.4 -10.14 06/05/03 06/10/03 61 NLFP-177 937 -28.8 -5.34 06/10/03 06/11/03 12 NLFP-178 406 -5.8 -1.25 06/11/03 06/25/03 18 NLFP-179 255 -18.7 -3.48 06/25/03 07/15/03 9 NLFP-180 1,166 -12.0 -2.88 07/15/03 08/11/03 31 NLFP-181 280 -16.2 -3.09 08/11/03 08/28/03 15 NLFP-182 1,500 -34.0 -6.22 08/28/03 09/02/03 ND NLFP-183 480 -25.3 -4.13 09/02/03 10/08/03 81 NLFP-184 162 -19.5 -3.84 10/08/03 10/23/03 12 NLFP-185 182 -1.9 -2.88 10/23/03 11/10/03 13 NLFP-186 218 -24.2 -4.97 11/10/03 11/20/03 16 NLFP-187 470 -29.2 -7.55 11/20/03 12/15/03 18 NLFP-188 31 -5.9 -2.36 12/15/03 01/08/04 2 NLFP-189 112 -21.2 -3.94 01/08/04 01/15/04 6 NLFP-190 937 -72.7 -10.57 01/15/04 01/20/04 37 NLFP-191 112 -34.0 -6.28 01/20/04 01/26/04 5 NLFP-192 420 -46.0 -8.74 01/26/04 02/03/04 19 NLFP-193 172 -37.1 -7.39 02/03/04 02/10/04 8 NLFP-194 495 -38.9 -6.92 02/10/04 03/01/04 20 NLFP-195 1,509 -9.9 -3.40 03/01/04 03/04/04 68 NLFP-196 160 -21.0 -3.57 03/04/04 03/11/04 3 NLFP-197 42 +1.6 -1.18 03/11/04 03/24/04 3 NLFP-198 370 -21.4 -4.5 03/24/04 04/08/04 18 NLFP-199 277 -45.1 -7.21 04/08/04 04/14/04 14 NLFP-200 186 -4.1 -1.68 04/14/04 04/22/04 9 NLFP-201 430 -24.1 -3.85 04/22/04 05/04/04 22 NLFP-202 1,520 -31.6 -4.81 05/04/04 06/14/04 122 NLFP-203 1,255 -31.4 -5.56 06/14/04 06/21/04 58 NLFP-204 1,802 -23.5 -3.88 06/21/04 07/07/04 77 NLFP-205 1,860 -25.6 -4.84 07/07/04 07/29/04 64Appendix 1 19 Appendix 1. Measurements of sample volume, ratios of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes (δ2H and δ18O), collection dates, and precipitation amounts from the precipitation-isotope collector and from the tipping bucket gage at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, May 10, 1996 through October 28, 2008—Continued. [mL, milliliters; δ2H ‰, ratio of hydrogen isotopes, in per mil; δ18O ‰, ratio of oxygen isotopes, in per mil; ND, no data; mm, millimeters; --, collection periods with no sample; >, greater than] Sample identifier Sample volume (mL) δ2H (‰) δ18O (‰) Start date End date Precipitation amount (mm) NLFP-206 216 -1.3 -0.50 07/29/04 08/04/04 11 NLFP-207 920 -19.5 -4.51 08/04/04 08/11/04 42 NLFP-208 338 -21.1 -4.58 08/11/04 08/16/04 17 NLFP-209 56 -24 -4.75 08/16/04 08/25/04 4 3NLFP-210 1,001 -7.0 -2.19 08/25/04 09/22/04 32 3NLFP-211 1,508 -19.2 -4.41 09/22/04 10/06/04 48 NLFP-212 1,315 -95.8 -13.35 10/06/04 10/12/04 57 NLFP-213 104 -51.3 -7.13 10/12/04 10/28/04 24 NLFP-214 258 -8.6 -2.07 10/28/04 11/08/04 44 NLFP-215 -- -- -- 11/08/04 11/18/04 65 NLFP-216 640 -56.6 -9.29 11/18/04 12/01/04 52 NLFP-217 -- -- -- 12/01/04 12/20/04 40 NLFP-218 168 -24.9 -5.14 12/20/04 01/10/05 17 NLFP-219 328 -112.3 -15.92 01/10/05 02/04/05 20 NLFP-220 280 -45.9 -8.22 02/04/05 02/08/05 6 NLFP-221 340 -6.3 -3.76 02/08/05 02/16/05 12 NLFP-222 310 -24.1 -4.80 02/16/05 02/25/05 9 NLFP-223 1,125 -95.8 -13.74 02/25/05 03/01/05 86 NLFP-224 870 -40.1 -6.78 03/01/05 06/01/05 60 NLFP-225 460 -11.2 -3.48 06/01/05 07/11/05 49 NLFP-226 -- -- -- 07/11/05 10/04/05 214 NLFP-227 480 -11.6 -2.97 10/04/05 10/11/05 30 NLFP-228 220 -24.7 -6.08 10/11/05 12/06/05 12 NLFP-229 450 -38.4 -6.8 12/06/05 03/13/06 29 NLFP-230 1,410 -44.1 -7.34 03/13/06 03/21/06 59 NLFP-231 -- -- -- 03/21/06 04/19/06 18 1,2NLFP-232 -- -- -- 04/19/06 05/03/06 86 NLFP-233 1,106 -21.6 -4.28 05/03/06 05/11/06 40 NLFP-234 360 -38.5 -5.72 05/11/06 06/01/06 14 NLFP-235 830 -25.1 -4.34 06/01/06 07/06/06 33 NLFP-236 1,060 -14.1 -2.98 07/06/06 07/17/06 34 NLFP-237 700 -11.0 -1.81 07/17/06 08/14/06 29 NLFP-238 700 +1.3 -.26 08/14/06 08/24/06 18 NLFP-239 900 -18.5 -3.76 08/24/06 08/28/06 29 NLFP-240 750 -35.2 -6.31 08/28/06 09/05/06 27 NLFP-241 640 -85.7 -11.82 09/05/06 09/18/06 22 NLFP-242 286 -27.4 -4.42 09/18/06 09/27/06 9 2NLFP-243 >2,200 -46.8 -7.76 09/27/06 10/18/06 81 NLFP-244 840 -24.0 -5.38 10/18/06 11/07/06 28 NLFP-245 490 -24.8 -5.11 11/07/06 11/29/06 1820 Stable-Isotope Ratios of Hydrogen and Oxygen in Precipitation at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008 Appendix 1. Measurements of sample volume, ratios of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes (δ2H and δ18O), collection dates, and precipitation amounts from the precipitation-isotope collector and from the tipping bucket gage at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, May 10, 1996 through October 28, 2008—Continued. [mL, milliliters; δ2H ‰, ratio of hydrogen isotopes, in per mil; δ18O ‰, ratio of oxygen isotopes, in per mil; ND, no data; mm, millimeters; --, collection periods with no sample; >, greater than] Sample identifier Sample volume (mL) δ2H (‰) δ18O (‰) Start date End date Precipitation amount (mm) 3NLFP-246 2,147 -31.6 -6.07 11/29/06 12/21/06 68 3NLFP-247 826 -32.5 -5.55 12/21/06 01/05/07 26 3,2NLFP-248 >2200 -41.6 -7.16 01/05/07 01/23/07 129 3NLFP-249 1,508 -65.2 -9.64 01/23/07 02/21/07 48 3NLFP-250 1,373 -19.6 -4.02 02/21/07 03/20/07 44 NLFP-251 -- -- -- 03/20/07 03/30/07 156 3NLFP-252 1,365 -38.3 -5.92 03/30/07 04/02/07 ND NLFP-253 118 -2.2 -3.07 04/02/07 04/18/07 43 2NLFP-254 >2,200 -24.1 -4.28 04/18/07 05/08/07 175 NLFP-255 405 -15.0 -3.1 05/08/07 05/15/07 11 NLFP-256 2,100 -20.5 -4.02 05/15/07 05/29/07 66 NLFP-257 1,210 -26.6 -4.18 05/29/07 06/11/07 41 2NLFP-258 >2,200 -19.3 -3.74 06/11/07 06/26/07 179 2NLFP-259 >2,200 -40.0 -6.33 06/26/07 07/09/07 126 2NLFP-260 >2,200 -24.4 -4.18 07/09/07 07/10/07 74 NLFP-261 2,100 -28.8 -4.87 07/10/07 08/01/07 69 2NLFP-262 >2,200 -56.6 -8.52 08/01/07 08/02/07 ND NLFP-263 1,200 -36.6 -6.20 08/21/07 09/12/07 37 NLFP-264 310 -14.6 +.50 09/12/07 09/26/07 13 NLFP-265 2,100 -19.7 -4.38 09/26/07 10/16/07 ND NLFP-266 500 -47.9 -8.25 10/16/07 10/26/07 ND NLFP-267 475 -72.4 -11.07 10/26/07 12/05/07 23 NLFP-268 2,150 -21.4 -4.64 12/05/07 12/18/07 19 NLFP-269 200 -49.9 -9.15 12/18/07 01/23/08 9 NLFP-270 240 -29.1 -5.59 01/23/08 02/08/08 11 NLFP-271 1,005 -35.5 -6.43 02/08/08 02/19/08 6 NLFP-272 900 -41.2 -7.03 02/19/08 03/04/08 22 NLFP-273 1,480 -29.4 -5.02 03/04/08 03/19/08 43 2NLFP-274 >2,200 -16.4 -3.82 03/19/08 04/11/08 110 NLFP-275 1,790 -10.1 -2.99 04/11/08 05/07/08 88 NLFP-276 1,600 -43.8 -7.20 05/07/08 05/19/08 23 NLFP-277 1,295 -28.9 -4.82 05/19/08 05/27/08 40 2NLFP-278 >2,200 -47.7 -7.77 05/27/08 06/09/08 98 2NLFP-279 >2,200 -30.6 -5.55 06/09/08 06/25/08 79 NLFP-280 600 -12.2 -2.40 06/25/08 07/11/08 20 NLFP-281 300 -6.6 -1.12 07/11/08 08/01/08 10 2NLFP-282 >2,200 -32.8 -5.44 08/01/08 08/11/08 91 NLFP-283 500 -45.1 -7.71 08/11/08 08/15/08 16 2NLFP-284 >2,200 -31.5 -5.85 08/15/08 08/19/08 104 NLFP-285 400 -28.3 -5.04 08/19/08 09/04/08 8Appendix 1 21 Appendix 1. Measurements of sample volume, ratios of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes (δ2H and δ18O), collection dates, and precipitation amounts from the precipitation-isotope collector and from the tipping bucket gage at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, May 10, 1996 through October 28, 2008—Continued. [mL, milliliters; δ2H ‰, ratio of hydrogen isotopes, in per mil; δ18O ‰, ratio of oxygen isotopes, in per mil; ND, no data; mm, millimeters; --, collection periods with no sample; >, greater than] Sample identifier Sample volume (mL) δ2H (‰) δ18O (‰) Start date End date Precipitation amount (mm) NLFP-286 1,100 -22.0 -4.68 09/04/08 09/10/08 33 NLFP-287 400 -32.1 -5.42 09/10/08 09/15/08 10 NLFP-288 500 -13.2 -3.85 09/15/08 10/14/08 20 NLFP-289 560 -13.6 -3.71 10/14/08 10/23/08 18 NLFP-290 1,800 -24.2 -5.02 10/23/08 10/28/08 ND Volume-weighted average (VWA) -31.1 -5.57 1 Data not used because sample was a duplicate, a control, or evaporated due to lack of oil layer. 2 Collector overflowed. 3 Volume not measured, estimated from rainfall. 22 Stable-Isotope Ratios of Hydrogen and Oxygen in Precipitation at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008 Appendix 2. Annual volume-weighted average deuterium and oxygen-18 (δ2H and δ18O) values during summer and winter seasons from the precipitation isotope collector at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station 07229053 Canadian River tributary at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008. [δ2H ‰, ratio of hydrogen isotopes, in per mil; δ18O ‰, ratio of oxygen isotopes, in per mil] Collection year(s) δ2H (o/oo) δ18O (o/oo) Summer season (April through October) 1996 -26.49 -4.95 1997 -27.12 -5.06 1998 -38.54 -6.42 1999 -19.09 -3.86 2000 -27.48 -5.16 2001 -23.02 -4.40 2002 -26.49 -4.92 2003 -27.99 -5.00 2004 -30.62 -5.25 2005 -25.20 -4.93 2006 -30.32 -5.14 2007 -29.89 -5.07 2008 -28.07 -5.20 Winter season (November through March) 1996–97 -36.07 -6.51 1997–98 -42.76 -7.92 1998–99 -29.92 -5.90 1999–2000 -32.35 -6.15 2000–01 -42.18 -7.37 2001–02 -49.21 -7.59 2002–03 -63.36 -9.78 2003–04 -32.31 -6.25 2004–05 -60.80 -9.59 2005–06 -40.81 -7.09 2006–07 -36.63 -6.44 2007–08 -33.12 -5.99 Appendix 2 Publishing support provided by Lafayette Publishing Service CenterJaeschke, Scholl, Cozzarelli, Masoner, Christenson, and Qi—Stable-Isotope Ratios of Hydrogen and Oxygen in Precipitation at Norman, Oklahoma, 1996–2008—SIR 2011–5262 Printed on recycled paper |
Date created | 2011-12-22 |
Date modified | 2014-02-20 |
OCLC number | 907085963 |
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